Samara Journal of Science

The chemical composition of the sludge obtained from processing cattle manure mixed with poultry manure and expired food products was studied using the methane fermentation method. The studied load with cattle manure contains 1,4 times more proteins, 1,6 times more fats and 2,4 times less carbohydrates compared to the load with cattle manure and poultry manure. It was found that fermentation of the load with cattle manure increased the content of nitrate nitrogen by 1,4 times compared to the load with cattle manure and poultry manure. Fermentation of the load with cattle manure increased the content of total nitrogen in the sludge by 7,2, total phosphorus by 6,9, nitrate nitrogen by 4,5, organic matter by 13,2 times, and decreased total potassium by 2,8 times. The content of organic matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the sludge increased during processing. When using sludge as an organic fertilizer, it is necessary to balance its composition. The resulting sludge meets the requirements of GOST 33380-2015 for heavy metal content. Paired linear regression equations were calculated for use in forming the composition of the loads.

Urbanization and the steady development of cities entail a noticeable increase in anthropogenic pressure on the environment. In the conditions of Donbass, the main sources of pollution are metallurgical plants, coal mines, chemical and coke industry enterprises, as well as motor transport as the main source of noise in any megalopolis. Vehicle emissions contain a wide range of toxicants that have a negative impact on phytocenoses. As a result of the conducted research, the intensity of traffic flow (on average 1,330 ± 680 units/hour) and vibration-acoustic noise (exceeding the remote control by 37 ± 4% (according to the average values) and 24 ± 3% (according to their maxima)), as a complex indicator of anthropogenic pollution of the territory, the sites were ranked at 3 levels: high, by medium and low anthropopressing. The ecological significance of the anthropogenic impact was manifested in a decrease in the viability of woody plants and an increase in the number of damages. In areas with high traffic intensity (more than 1,000 units per hour) and increased noise pollution (over 30% of the maximum permissible level), the most pronounced negative biological effects were manifested.: a decrease in the proportion of trees in satisfactory condition and an increase in the number of plants with a high proportion of damage or in critical condition (21–57% of the sample). Morphological disorders such as trunk curvature, bark detachment, rot, changes in crown architecture, as well as mechanical damage disrupted the integrity of plant protective tissues. These factors create favorable conditions for the penetration of pathogenic microorganisms and pests, the development of putrefactive processes and the general deterioration of trees. 23 species of woody plants belonging to 13 different genera were identified in the study area, indicating a moderate level of species diversity. In terms of the number of species, the genus Ulmus L. and Acer L. are dominant. and Populus L. The number of specimens is dominated by Robinia pseudoacacia L., Ulmus laevis Pall., Acer pseudoplatanus L., Acer platanoides L., Ulmus pumila L., Syringa vulgaris L., Populus simonii Carriere, Ulmus glabra Huds., Acer saccharum Marshall, Populus bolleana Lauche, Sorbus intermedia (Ehrh.) Pers., Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall. Several main species have been identified that are susceptible to crowning and sanitary pruning: Ulmus laevis Pall., Ulmus glabra Huds., Ulmus pumila L. and Robinia pseudoacacia L. These plants were all in the age group of 50–59 years and had reached a critical age in the region. As a result of windstorms, which are increasingly occurring in the region, the skeletal branches of such plants are prone to breakage, as new shoots are weaker in attachment and easier to deform irreversibly.

The article summarizes the results of five years of research on the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the raw aboveground phytomass of 29 samples of Hypericum perforatum of different geographical origin on a homogeneous leveled agricultural field under controlled conditions of the introduction nursery. The source material was used to study delectates from botanical gardens in Russia and abroad, and the seeds of two samples were collected in nature in the Kirov and Irkutsk Regions. The seedling-grown plants entered the generative period in the second year of life. The main indicators of the aboveground phytomass of the floral part of the generative shoot (inflorescence), which serves as the medicinal raw material of St. John's wort, were taken into account, as well as the number of shoots per individual was calculated during the mass flowering phase on plants of the second to fifth years of life of each sample. It was revealed that plants of the second year of life of the majority of the studied samples (25) are capable of forming 3–6, rarely 7–9 generative shoots per individual. In the third year of life, there was a sharp increase in the number of shoots per individual in all samples, on average 9,9 times and reached 38–59 (68) pcs./ individual, and in the fourth and fifth years of plant life, the number of shoots decreased on average 3,3 times and amounted to 10–22 pcs./individual. It was found that the total content of hypericin and pseudohypericin in the aboveground phytomass of St. John's wort depended both on the origin of the samples and the meteorological conditions of the season. Seven samples of different geographical origin were identified (Irkutsk Region, Kazan, Oslo 219 and 222, Petrozavodsk, Tallin 885 and 888), which for three years, regardless of the meteorological conditions of the season, produced high levels of hypericin and pseudohypericin in medicinal raw materials (0,05–0,119%). A high content of flavonoids (3,53–7,62%) was found in the raw phytomass of the studied samples of St. John's wort of different geographical origin.

This paper considers the questions of chronology and features of the Early Neolithic period in the Upper Volga River and forest zone of the Middle Volga River regions. It focuses on the most valid radiocarbon dates obtained from charcoal, animal bones, and charred food crusts, adjusted for the absence of a reservoir effect based on δ¹³C values. The early stage of the Upper Volga (Volga-Oka) culture is dated from the end of the 7th millennium to the first third of the 6th millennium BP. In the forest zone of the Middle Volga River region, the beginning of Neolithization can be dated to approximately 6800 ¹⁴C BP, coinciding with the appearance of the Elshanian culture. The greatest cultural similarity between these regions is observed during this earlier period. Around 6500 BP, the pricked and toothed decoration tradition appears in the pottery ornamentation of the Upper Volga culture. At this time, groups using ceramics decorated with subtriangular/suboval pricks migrated into the forests of the Mariisky region. Pottery with toothed and dotted line decoration was absent in the Dubovsko-Otarskaya culture. Beginning around 6300 BP, combed, drawn line, and pitted ornamentation, including the belemnite technique, became widespread in the Upper Volga culture during the final stage of the Early Neolithic. In the forest zone of the Middle Volga Region, the pricked tradition of pottery ornamentation spread even before the 5th millennium BC (6000 BP) until contact with the Lyalovo and Kama cultures. Therefore, we can conclude that there were two distinct chronological and cultural stages in the Early Neolithic of these regions.

The paper presents the materials of the late Eneolithic of the Middle Posurye. The analysis was carried out on finds from sites with a mixed cultural layer obtained as a result of excavations in 2006–2011. Ceramic ware is divided into three groups and attributed to the early, middle and late stages of the Volosovo cultural and historical community. In the study, based on comparison with sites of adjacent territories, an attempt was made to isolate stone tools of the late Eneolithic. Based on the results of radiocarbon dating, the chronological framework of the late stage of the Copper-Stone Age in the region was determined. The paper also considers the previously expressed in the literature issue of the independent cultural status of the late Eneolithic complexes of the forest-steppe Posurye. When analyzing the specific features of the late stage of the Copper-Stone Age of the region under consideration identified by specialists, it was concluded that the profiling of vessels and the presence of quartzite tools can be attributed to them. These features do not allow us to single out a special group of late Eneolithic sites with an independent cultural status. The work suggested that the uniqueness of the complexes on the Sura River is associated with the Sredny Stog influence on the Volosovo culture, which was previously traced in Primokshanye.

This paper analyzes the incidence of diseases of the population of Divnogorsk in the 1960s, which were relevant in the context of modernization and epidemiological transition, «diseases of civilization». Injuries and diseases of the nervous system are also considered as the most common among residents at this time. The author compares the morbidity rates of the population of Divnogorsk and Krasnoyarsk as young and large cities, respectively. The study was carried out using problem-chronological, statistical and comparative research methods. The main source base of the study is the reports of the Divnogorsk City Hospital. For comparison with the morbidity of the population of Krasnoyarsk, the reporting documents on the morbidity of the Krasnoyarsk Department of Health were used. In addition, the materials of the Executive Committee of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Council of Workers Deputies were involved in the work. Most of these documents have not been published before and are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The result of the work is the identification of possible factors influencing the change in morbidity rates of the population of Divnogorsk and young cities in general in the 1960s. The materials of the article can contribute to detailing the features of the dynamics of morbidity in young cities in the context of modernization processes and epidemiological transition.

The study examines the key role of primary schools (mektebs) and madrasas in the Malmyzh District of Vyatka Governorate at the end of the 19th century in shaping the educational system, and in preserving the ethnocultural identity and religious-moral values of the Tatar population. Within the multiethnic context of the Russian Empire, these institutions functioned not only as centers of learning, but also as mechanisms for maintaining traditional ways of life. Special attention is paid to the operation of mektebes and madrasas as mosque-affiliated schools sustained by community donations. The study highlights their role in providing basic education and in supporting the cultural and religious identity of the Muslim population. Regional specificities of school organization, community-based funding, and the involvement of the Muslim clergy – including women – are emphasized. Based on archival materials such as district police reports and inspectors’ records from public schools, the research employs historical-systemic, comparative-historical, and statistical methods to reconstruct the stages of development of this educational network.

The article actualizes the problem of the effectiveness of classes in higher education institutions using foreign language classes as an example and substantiates the necessity of using certain types of tasks at each stage of the lesson: at the beginning, in the middle, and at the end. The main purpose of the article is to define conditions that allows us to trace the relationship between effective learning and students’ professional growth. The methodological basis of the research is formed by the concepts for determining the effectiveness of lesson developed by domestic and foreign authors. The research methods are analysis and generalisation of the results of scientific works of domestic and foreign authors, as well as synthesis, observation, and comparison. Based on these methods, the author has defined the essence of effective lesson and effective tasks were identified at three stages of the lesson and the conditions under which it is possible to trace the connection between effective learning and professional growth of students. The relevance and novelty of the research is due to the lack of researches devoted to specific effective tasks, with the help of which the teacher has the opportunity to monitor the progress of students for the purpose of their further professional development. This article emphasizes the practical significance of the study which consists in the possibility of using the research results in foreign language teaching methods.

The article discusses agricultural terminology, certain aspects of onomastics relevant to study special terms in the process of teaching a professional foreign language at an agrarian university. As a rule, onomastics is not studied by students of non-linguistic specialties. The purpose of the article is to describe practical tasks that have been proven in practice and are effective for the systematic study of professional vocabulary and terminology in teaching students at the agrarian university. The use of an integrative approach to the studying process while learning general scientific, specialized, and highly specialized terms is proposed. The stated purpose and professional orientation of the vocabulary under consideration determines the relevance to study this topic by students of agricultural specialties in order to improve professional communication skills and necessary competencies. Along with the development of professional communication skills, students delve into linguistic aspects, get acquainted with the tasks of lexicography, types of translation dictionaries, analyze grammatical categories, stylistic features, and master the skills of practical translation. The ability to understand and analyze the structure of complex terms, the processes of their formation, and develop in oral and written professional communication will enhance motivation for self-development. The level of modern professional competences requires to study the basics of professional translation, that provides the prospective to continue the research.

The article is devoted to the review of digital educational methods used in higher education, with an emphasis on their impact on the educational process. In the context of rapid technological development and digital transformation of society, education is faced with the need to adapt to new realities. The article considers the key aspects of the introduction of digital technologies into the educational environment, including the use of online platforms, webinars, video conferencing and other tools. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the cognitive and affective effects of digital learning, the impact on students' motivation, the formation of time management skills and analytical thinking. The author emphasizes the importance of systematizing digital methods and developing comprehensive solutions for integrating technologies into the educational process. Examples of the successful use of digital tools in Russian and foreign universities are considered. A conclusion is made about the need for further study of the impact of digitalization on education, as well as the forecast of its development in the context of public policy and the requirements of the digital economy. The article actualizes the problem of forming a theoretical basis for the use of digital methods, which helps to improve the quality of education and professional training of students.