Samara Journal of Science

This article is devoted to the identification of the species composition of the birds population in the city of Stepanakert and the seizure of their territories. The study of bird biodiversity within certain limits is of particular importance, changing in the urban environment. The material for this work was collected on the administrative borders of the city of Stepanakert and its surroundings from April 2017 to April 2023. All year round, birds were counted along routes in residential areas, gardens, squares, cemeteries, on river banks, in wooded areas, and thickets of shrubs. As a result of observations, it was revealed for the first time that the bird fauna is represented by 117 species, which belong to 14 orders and 37 families, representing 52,4% of the bird fauna of Nagorno Karabakh. The results of the research made it possible to identify the main bird species that determine the habitat, as well as to assess their occurrence, seasonal changes and prevailing ecological properties. An analysis of the urban environment by bird populations and possible measures to protect them was also carried out. The results obtained can be useful for developing strategies for sustainable human-nature interaction in the urban environment, as well as for conducting broader environmental research in the region.

The work is devoted to the study of the dynamics of the wetlands area in the Keoladeo National Park (Bharatpur province, Rajasthan, India) over the past decades in connection with changes in climatic parameters to assess the wintering conditions of the endangered West Siberian White Crane population (Leucogeranus (=Grus) leucogeranus Pallas, 1773). The article presents the results of a statistical analysis of the main meteorological parameters (average maximum and minimum temperatures of the surface layer of the atmosphere in 1971–2022, average precipitation per year and from October to March (the wintering period of West Siberian White Crane) in 1958–2021); the results of an analysis of the ratio of areas of different types of habitats according to remote sensing data in 1972–2022; the results of statistical analysis of the volume of water entering the park from the Ajahn Bund reservoir in 1980–2010. During the study period, a significant increase in the average maximum and minimum temperatures of the winter period was revealed, which, along with the absence of a significant trend towards an increase in the average amount of precipitation and an increase in the number of dry years, indicates a warming climate with an increase in its aridity. A statistically significant reduction in the area of habitats suitable for West Siberian White Crane has been established. This indicates a significant decrease in the water level in the Keoladeo wetlands, both due to increased evaporation and a significant reduction in the volume of water entering the park from the reservoir. The results of the study show that in the conditions of observed climate changes, the main regulators of the water level and the state of the ecosystem of the Keoladeo wetlands are agricultural users, whose water consumption increases with increasing aridity of the climate.

This article examines the insectoacaricidal effectiveness of the drug «Phytocreolin» on the number of zoophilic flies in open and closed livestock premises. For the first time, the authors conducted studies of the insectoacaricidal efficacy of the drug «Phytocreolin» based on pine tar, how it differs from creolin, and having a repellent effect against insects and, thereby, contributing to a decrease in the number of zoophilic flies in livestock premises. Studies conducted to establish the background number of imago flies in open and closed types, followed by an entomological assessment of zoophilic flies, showed that the dominant biological species was the gray meat fly (Sarcophaga bullata), which accounted for about 80% of the total number of flies. Such a large number of this species is due to the active summer season, as well as the time of research. The housefly (Musca domestica) was also found in the insects, the number of which amounted to 10% of the total number of zoophilic flies. In addition, the autumn stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans), which accounted for about 7%, and the common green carrion (Lucilia caeza), 3% of the total number of zoophilic flies, were also found in livestock facilities. It was found that the effectiveness of the insecticide drug in the disinfection of livestock premises of a closed type for the entire period of experience, when disinfecting with a 25% solution of the drug in reducing the number of insects was 15,3%, when treated with a 50% solution, the effectiveness was the best and amounted to 29,8% and when disinfecting with a 100% solution, the decrease in the number of zoophilic flies was about 21,7%. Similar results of the effectiveness of the use of an insecticidal drug were obtained in open-type livestock facilities. So, over the entire period of the experiment, when disinfecting with a 25% solution of the drug, the decrease in the number of insects was 9,6%, when treated with a 50% solution – 23% and when disinfecting with a 100% solution, the insecticidal efficiency was the best and amounted to 26%.

The article presents the results of the study and analysis of the flora of the forests of suburban and urban forests of Samara. 279 plant species have been identified in the study area, among which only five are rare and protected at the regional level (Campanula latifolia L., Fritillaria ruthenica Wikstr., Tulipa biebersteiniana Schult. et Schult. fil., Cephalanthera rubra (L.) Rich., Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill.). In the spectrum of life forms, trees are represented by 24 species, shrubs – by 23 species. Among herbaceous perennials, the rhizomatous group of plants predominates – 57 species, or 20,4%. In the group of juveniles, numbering 68 species, or 24,3%, annuals predominate – 41 species, or 14,6% of the total flora. In the surveyed forests, the forest group of plants naturally dominates among the phytocoenotypes – 71 species, which is 25,4% of the total flora. The ecological group of mesophytes, being the leading one, includes 184 plant species, which makes up 65,9% of the flora. The analysis of the flora showed a significant proportion of weed-ruderal representatives. Indigenous oak-linden forests currently retain their positions in the region, however, maple forests occupy a significant territory among them. The anthropogenic factor (recreation, fires, clearings) has a significant impact on the floristic complex. Recreation and forest fires in some cases are the main reason for the transformation of forest plant communities in the territory of Samara and its suburbs.

Currently, the natural flora of Crimea includes 5 species of junipers, the smallest of which is J. foetidissima. The anatomical structure of needles is an important diagnostic feature that allows one to assess the intraspecific variability of rare species and the stability of their tree stands. In the conditions of the Crimean Mountains, extensive intercellular spaces are clearly visualized on a cross section of J. foetidissima needles. Such a feature of the anatomical structure of the needles of the species under study has not been described previously. The proportion of intercellular spaces varies from 5,36% to 20,89%, on average, their area is 0,018 ± 0,002 mm². Intercellular spaces are located in the central part of the needles between the vascular bundle and the resin canal, and sometimes on both sides of it. The mesophyll is very loose here. Along the periphery, the dense mesophyll consists of 3–5 rows of elongated oval cells. In addition, there is one fairly large resin channel. Its area can occupy up to 15% of the total cross-sectional area of the needles. The correlation dependences of the parameters of the anatomical structure of the needles of J. foetidissima are similar to those of J. deltoides, which, in turn, has a needle-shaped needle type. The drought resistance coefficient of the studied species made it possible to classify them as mesophytes.

This article reports that the main food plants of bumblebees of the interspecific association of the central forest-steppe of the Omsk Region during the period of flight activity (I decade of May – III decade of September) are 120 plant species from 30 families. Common and fairly common species predominate, which, under the condition of medium, high and superfroductivity, form the forage base. All rare, quite rare, very rare, as well as unproductive common and unproductive fairly common plant species perform a supporting function in the nutrition of bumblebees. At the beginning of the flight activity of bumblebees, low and medium-productive species predominate, then after the beginning of flowering of new species, highly and super-productive ones are included in the feed spectrum – there is a change in food conditions from unfavorable to favorable. During the main flight period, bumblebees feed or forage on 99 plant species, among which fairly ordinary medium-productive species predominate. Before the second decade of August, three peaks in the expansion of the food spectrum were revealed: in the third decade of May (by 15 species), in the second decade of June (by 31 species) and in the second decade of July (by 20 species). The exclusion of plants from the bumblebee diet occurs every decade. The greatest peaks were recorded in the II decade of July and in the III decade of August – by 21 species. Starting from the first decade of September, there is a change in food conditions from favorable to unfavorable. In general, the feed base of bumblebees of the interspecific association of the central forest-steppe of the Omsk Region has a stable character and allows to provide bumblebees with a sufficient volume of full-fledged feed.

After the completion of the exploitation of ore deposits, atmospheric migration of sulfur compounds remains an urgent ecological and hygienic problem. The aim of the study was to obtain scientifically sound ideas about the danger of waste from the extraction and processing of sulfide ores of non-ferrous and precious metals accumulated in mining regions for the environment and public health based on the methodology of integrated modeling. The emission of sulfur compounds was studied on a full-scale model of the Ursky dump of barite–pyrite bulk (Ursk settlement, Kemerovo Region), the nature of their combined action was studied in a model experiment on Wistar rats. According to the simulation results, the main components of harmful emissions from the Ursky dump include dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfoxide and sulfur dioxide, the concentrations of which in the air exceeded the normative ones by 129–170, 119–127 and 1,7 times. When exposing experimental animals with a two-component mixture of dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl sulfoxide, a partial summation of the neuro- and hepatotoxic effects of the components was noted, while a three-component mixture of dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfoxide and sulfur dioxide potentiated the irritating effect. The dependences of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the biological effects of the isolated mixtures on the sum of the concentrations of their components and time are investigated. The proven algorithm for modeling the effects of the impact of a sulfide-containing dump on the environment and public health makes it possible to expand the possibilities of environmental expertise of environmental protection measures and assessment of risks to public health in mining regions.

The article presents the results of the study of bryophytes of the Tapsinsky state nature reserve in the Republic of Tuva. Compared with the higher vascular plants, bryophytes still remain a poorly studied group in many respects, especially in Tuva. For the first time, a list of mosses is published, numbering 33 species belonging to 24 genera and 16 families. Among the identified families, in terms of the number of species, Dicranaceae (15,1%), Hylocomiaceae (15,1%), Amblystegiaceae (12,1%), Olytrichaceae (12,1%), Aulacomniaceae (6%) are significant for high-mountain tundras, and the rest families are represented by one species each. A brief analysis of the studied bryoflora is given. In terms of the number of species, the leading place belongs to the genera Dicranum Hedw. and Polytrichum Hedw., represented respectively by the following mosses Dicranum acutifolium (Lindb. & Arnell) C.E.J. Jensen ex I.J., D. brevifolium Lindb.) Lindb., D. flexicaule Brid., D. scoparium Hedw. and D. spadiceum Zett. Rather strong positions belong to Polytrichum commune Hedw., P. juniperinum Hedw., P. piliferum Hedw. and P. strictum Brid. The remaining genera and families of mosses are represented by single species. A brief analysis of the studied bryoflora is given.

The research results presented in the article were carried out in the spring period 2014, 2017, 2023. The population of the steppe marmot was studied and the family plots located in the valley of the Arbuga River and along the slopes of the Arbuginsky mountain of the Sengileevsky and Ulyanovsk districts of the Ulyanovsk Region were counted. In 2014, this settlement was one of the largest in the Ulyanovsk Region and consisted of 80 family plots, covering about 8 km. In 2017, the settlement was reduced to 16 sites. After this territory became part of the National Park «Sengileevsky gory» the settlement of the steppe marmot increased again and today consists of 51 sites. The length of the settlement is currently more than 9 km. Most of the old burrows are located on steep slopes. The formation of new burrows on the terrace and in the field was noted. The lowest level of anxiety in different periods was recorded on the southern slope of Arbuginsky Mountain. Uncontrolled hunting causes the greatest damage to the number of marmots. Therefore, it can be stated that only comprehensive actions to protect the steppe marmot have a positive effect.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the planigraphic and stratigraphic occurrence of pit–comb ceramics and dishes of the «kargopol type» on the multilayer settlements of Somboma I and Okhtoma I, III, the complexes of which contain ceramics of the «kargopol type» numbering more than 20 vessels on each monument. As a result, it was established that ceramics of the kargopol «type» are concentrated in certain parts of the excavations, and are absent in some excavations, while pit-comb dishes are distributed throughout the entire area of settlements. There are quite a lot of household objects associated with pit-comb dishes, as well as a ground dwelling, at the same time, no household objects are associated with ceramics of the «kargopol type», which indicates a short-term stay of carriers of this type of dishes on the shores of Lake Vodlozero. Thus, pit-comb ceramics and dishes of the «kargopol type» represent two different groups of the population. If we accept the correctness of M.G. Kosmenko assumption, that the ground dwelling with pit-comb ceramics belongs to the north-eastern local variant of the kargopol culture, and not the Karelian culture of pit-comb ceramics, then it becomes clear that the spread of ceramics of the «kargopol type» only on the territory of eastern Karelia.

The article presents the results of technical, technological and statistical analyses of ceramics from the epoch of the Great Migration of Peoples found on the monuments of the Permian Urals. The technical and technological analysis was carried out within the framework of the historical and cultural approach developed by A.A. Bobrinsky. Statistical analysis of the sample, including 136 vessels from 10 archaeological sites, using the k-means method allowed us to talk about a motley and diverse cultural palette of the population of the studied territory. The authors identified 8 clusters, each of which can be identified with a particular cultural tradition of pottery making. The analyzed ceramic material allows us to talk about the mixing of at least two groups of the population, one of which is associated with the tradition of using crushed shells in the production of ceramics, and the second – manure, organic solution, chamotte and dry processing of the initial plastic raw materials. The intertwining of traditions is clearly recorded by the facts of the identification of mixed multicomponent compositions of molding masses (clay + crushed shell + organic solution; clay + crushed shell + chamotte; clay + crushed shell + chamotte + organic solution). According to the results of the analysis, local ceramic traditions were also recorded, demonstrating the high dependence of ceramic production technology on available raw materials (sanded clay raw materials; silty clays). In the course of the study, the tradition of using crushed raw materials in the production of ceramics was described and interpreted, the origins of which may be associated with the area of distribution of the Mazunin culture.

The article is devoted to the analysis of an important historical document – the Duke of Wellington’s dispatch to the State Secretary for War and Colonies of the United Kingdom Earl of Bathurst, June 19, 1815 (in English tradition it is usually called The Waterloo Dispatch) in which the Iron Duke presented his account of the Battle of Waterloo (June 18, 1815) which ended the long series of so-called Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars, which lasted almost a quarter of a century. The author cites the opinions of Russian and foreign historians, who to one degree or another, tried to assess the Waterloo Dispatch, paying special attention to the characterization of this document by modern British researcher Andrew Roberts, given in his monograph «Napoleon and Wellington». Edith Saunders, who wrote a separate monograph on «Napoleon’s Hundred Days», categorically characterized the dispatch of the Iron Duke calling it «a joyful account of the battle». However based on the above mentioned assessments and based on his own analysis of the dispatch of June 19, the author came to the conclusion that the Waterloo Dispatch was an attempt to give an English interpretation of the events of the famous battle – a kind of «British Myth» and chronologically was predecessor to the «Napoleonic Myth» created by the defeated Emperor on the Island St. Helena about the fateful 19^th century for Europe, battle.

Biographical research has been an integral part of historical science since its inception. However, as a rule, the most significant historical figures have always fallen into the sphere of interests of scientists. In post-Soviet historiography, biographies of people who are difficult to classify as outstanding figures began to appear more and more often. Despite this, through the analysis of their biographies, it is possible to trace how the inheritance of cultural traditions formed in different historical periods took place, the ways of assimilation of social, gender and other ideas, their transfers and influence on people's behavior in specific historical circumstances. The purpose of the article is to restore the biography of Elena Nikolaevna Oshanina (1874–1943), a physician by profession and a Socialist Revolutionary by party affiliation, based on unpublished archival documents from the central, local and personal archives, to identify her place in the revolutionary and women's social movement of the early twentieth century. A particular example of the biography makes it possible to understand how the process of formation of diverse and often layered identities of women of the late XIX – early XX centuries took place. As a result, it can be concluded that Elena Nikolaevna Oshanina's self-realization was in the field between two identities – professional and revolutionary, which were layered on top of each other, but both were very important for the heroine of this biography.

The issues of formation and development of zoning of the Siberian Region in the second half of the 1920s, closely related to the national processes of economic and territorial reform of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, are considered. The evolution of the administrative-territorial system of the Siberian Region is analyzed: the formation of regions and districts through the liquidation of provinces, counties and volosts, the unbundling of village councils and the improvement of the administrative network in accordance with the economic and political challenges of that time. It shows the complexity and inconsistency of the ongoing zoning of the region, which required constant improvement of the administrative system through the development of various projects, discussions with the center and the actual implementation of planned changes on the ground. It is noted that, despite the positive developments in the improvement of the administrative-territorial system, in the end, the Siberian Region was divided into two independent subjects of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. It is concluded that the liquidation of the Siberian Region was closely related both to internal problems, namely, the cumbersomeness and weak efficiency of the administrative system of the region that existed in the second half of the 1920s in Siberia, and to national approaches to the zoning of the Soviet state, expressed in the unbundling of territories.

The article examines the FBI's work to counter marginal religious organizations in the 1970s and 90s. During this period, the Bureau investigated three resonant cases involving followers of religious organizations: The mass suicide in Johnstown, the Ruby Ridge incident, and the Waco tragedy. Each of these cases led to tragic events, with varying degrees of FBI responsibility. Based on the documents of the US special services, we analyzed the methodology of the department's work with extremist religious organizations, compared and identified key problems and their solutions to the Bureau itself. We also considered the specifics of the FBI's interaction with the US Department of Justice based on which conclusions were made about the discourse around the Bureau during this period and the consequences that the three incidents we studied had. In addition, aspects of the Federal Bureau of Investigation's relationship with the White House and the presidential administration were considered. Based on the above, conclusions were made about the features and disadvantages of the work of federal agents in the field of countering religious extremism. In addition to a diverse source base, the study involved work on the history of the FBI, US political institutions and the history of religious extremism in America.

The article examines the source potential of personal funds of Central State Archive of the Samara Region when studying such a scientific problem as family memory. The author, based on archival materials and auto-documentary texts, analyzes the conditions under which interest in family history is formed and determines the motives for preserving the history of ancestors. The sources for the research were the funds of two families – the nobles Butorovs and the priest Preobrazhensky, who lived in the Samara province at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, who, in the era of socio-political cataclysms, managed not only to preserve their family history, but also to increase it and pass it on to subsequent generations. Methods of the scientific direction «memory studies» make it possible to analyze the traumatic experience of the authors of ego-documents, which contributed to the Preobrazhenskys and Butorovs turning to studying the past of their family, writing memoirs and preserving family memory. The author comes to the conclusion that interest in the history of a family does not depend on social origin, but is formed by family traditions – attitude to reading, education and creative pursuits. In addition, through genealogical research, the Preobrazhenskys and Butorovs sought to preserve the continuity of generations in their families and find spiritual support at a turning point in life.

The comprehension of the historical experience accumulated during the activities of Russian advanced teachers and methodologists-biologists contributes to the enrichment of teaching methods with time-tested passages and methods, which determines the effectiveness of their application in the context of the modern educational situation. The ideas and proposals expressed earlier by the scientists in the past can be implemented now to achieve the goals of the Federal State Educational Standard, in particular, when organizing the design and research activities of schoolchildren. The article presents the results of a study of the works of outstanding natural science methodologists of the XIX–XX centuries, concerning their views on the application of a research approach to teaching natural science at school. The article reflects the dynamics of the content of the research activity of schoolchildren in the history of biology teaching methods: from performing descriptive work to conducting biological experiments. Significant attention is devoted to the analysis of the organization of the educational process in natural sciences at commercial schools in Russia and the possibility of applying this experience in teaching biology today. One of the objectives of the article is to consider the topics of observations, research and specific experiments that may be in demand among modern biology teachers during lessons and in extracurricular activities of students.

The article is devoted to the problem of humanization of the educational process in the conditions of Russian society. The views of scientists on the humanization of education are revealed, the analysis of which makes it possible to determine the pedagogical conditions for the humanization of modern domestic education. The position on the leading role of the personality of the teacher in the implementation of the humanization of the educational process in a particular educational institution and on the importance of the image of a model humanist teacher in the professional training of future teachers is substantiated. The possibility of considering the humanization of education in the context of the needs of the individual and from the perspective of the functions performed by the teacher, the relations between the subjects of the educational process, and values is argued. The role of the student’s personality in the humanization of the educational process is revealed. The correlation of humanization and humanitarization of education is shown, in which humanization acts as the goal of personality formation, and humanitarization as a means of achieving it. The possibilities of pedagogical reflection in the implementation of humanization of the educational process are outlined. The pedagogical conditions of the humanization of modern Russian education are substantiated: determining the content of education in a pedagogical university on the basis of scientifically based ideas about the personality of a humanist teacher; orientation of the educational process to meet the basic needs of the individual; the teacher’s implementation of moral values in relations with students, while simultaneously introducing such values to the students themselves; formation of the student’s personality as an active subject of the educational process; introducing students to the humanitarian culture of humanity; development and formation of the teacher’s ability to carry out pedagogical reflection according to the criterion of humanism.

This article is devoted to the problem of psychological safety of the individual in the educational environment. The characteristics of security, safety and trust in relations with teachers and peers were studied in the adolescent and youth group. The purpose of the article is to analyze the current state of some socio-psychological indicators of personal security in the educational environment in connection with the aggressiveness and level of depression of students. A continuous monitoring of the safety of the educational environment was carried out using the cross-sectional method through an electronic survey. Methods: A Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), a Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ-24), questionnaire. Sampling: 244,143 students of 6–11 grades of schools, colleges and universities of the Republic of Tatarstan; 52,7% of boys and 47,3% of girls; age from 12 to 23 years. The risk group included 860 people with a high total index of aggressiveness and depression (0,35% of the total sampling, 64% of them are boys). The study found that students at risk group are exposed to bullying in the educational environment more often than their peers. They describe relationships with peers and teachers as unsafe and note a lack of help and support. Aggressiveness and the level of depression have statistically significant correlations (p < 0,001) with all manifestations of violence and insecurity and can serve as reliable and valid subjective markers of a person's psychological safety in the educational space. In this way, the socio-psychological indicators of psychological safety in the educational environment are the characteristics of relations between the subjects of educational interaction, personal experience of bullying, insecurity, lack of support, aggressiveness and the level of depression of students. The results of the study can be used to prevent deviant behavior among adolescents who are most vulnerable to negative social influences.

This study aims to identify the impact of metacognitive skills and critical thinking on learning success. The academic performance of students in the discipline «English language» was chosen as the criterion for evaluating the success of their studies. In addition, the study used the results of students' self-assessment of their English language proficiency. The study involved 104 students studying for a master's degree at Kazan National Research Technological University (Russia) and Isfahan University (Iran). To assess the level of development of metacognition among students, the Metacognitive Awareness Questionnaire (MAI) by G. Schraw and R.S. Dennison adapted by A.V. Karpov and I.M. Skityaeva was used. A questionnaire based on the Holistic Assessment of Critical Thinking (HCTSR) indicators developed by Peter A. Facione and Noreen C. Facione was used to assess critical thinking. As a result of the study, it was concluded that critical thinking has a direct correlation with the academic performance of students in the discipline «English language». At the same time, there was no statistically significant relationship between learning success and the level of metacognitive awareness in general. The study also showed that learning success is impossible without taking into account the context of the student's situation.

The article is devoted to the study of issues related to the disclosure of the potential of mobile applications in the field of foreign language teaching in the context of the modernization of Russian education. The article presents arguments in favor of the use of mobile applications: improving the effectiveness of educational and cognitive activities, the formation of independent work skills, increasing the motivation of students to learn a foreign language, the formation of the ability to organize and independently plan the process of learning a language, evaluate educational activities. The article pays special attention to the potential of mobile applications in teaching grammar of a foreign language at different levels – from beginner to advanced. The author recommends using several different types of applications to achieve maximum results at the three highlighted stages of work on grammatical material. The first stage is the presentation of grammatical phenomena and the creation of basic knowledge based on the use of specific mobile applications. The second stage involves automating the use of grammatical skills through their practice in mobile applications. The third stage is the control of the assimilation of knowledge using mobile applications. The author describes an experiment in which mobile applications were introduced into the educational process. At the preparatory stage of the experiment, the learning potential of mobile applications was studied and input conditions were diagnosed. At the second stage of the study, a choice of mobile applications was made. The integration of mobile applications at the third stage was implemented in the form of remote support for teaching German grammar as part of a traditional lesson. The results of the experiment, obtained after repeated testing of the experimental group at the fourth stage, demonstrated the effectiveness of using mobile applications in teaching German grammar.

The rapid development of the Internet, as well as the digitalization of almost all spheres of human life, marked the transition from an industrial to an information-technogenic society, as predicted by futurologists in the middle of the last century. The growth of the information and technological space and the intensification of production electronization put forward increased requirements for the training of specialists in the natural sciences and technical profiles, primarily engineers. The given study is focused on the actual problem of improving foreign language skills of Master’s students at Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology that participates in the federal project «Advanced Engineering Schools». Despite the fact that this project is aimed at training highly qualified personnel for the exclusively Russian economy, it seems that it could be further developed within the scientific and professional cooperation between Russia and the BRICS and SCO states, which is impossible without a sufficiently high level of foreign language. As a result, we have identified the advantages of a communicative approach in linguodidactics (orientation to the practical component of the educational content, motivation for communication, maximum development of thinking skills, etc.). Besides, we have established the requirements for exercises aimed at developing students' communication skills, intellectual and cognitive abilities, and forming stable positive motivation to master a foreign language for professional, research, and teaching activities.

The article is devoted to the consideration and analysis of the provisions of the pedagogy of cooperation formulated in the late 1980s by Russian scientists-innovators and predetermined the further development of the entire education system in Russia. It is emphasized that the principles of pedagogy of cooperation remain relevant at the present time, since their application contributes to the successful implementation of the requirements laid down in the basis of the modern Federal State Educational Standard. It is noted that the principles of pedagogy of cooperation in teaching a foreign language to students of agricultural universities can significantly increase the effectiveness of the formation of foreign language communicative competence as a component of professional competence. Thus, following the principles of pedagogy of cooperation in teaching a foreign language, due to the universality and integrativity of this discipline, makes it possible to solve training and educational problems simultaneously, which ultimately leads to the training of qualified personnel in the field of agriculture with a humanistic worldview, critical thinking, creative approach to the chosen business, capable of solving the challenges of today. Attention is focused on the importance of the teacher's role in the educational process, his ability to build subject-subject relations, to find an individual approach to each student. The principles of the implementation of pedagogy of cooperation in teaching a foreign language at the Kursk State Agrarian University are summarized, specific techniques and methods used in the classroom are presented that help create a comfortable educational environment for future farmers, as well as influence the choice of their moral guidelines.

The article is devoted to the study of the problem of forming the moral personality of a technical university student, which involves the rooting of moral values in his consciousness. The composition of moral values that determine the engineer’s attitude towards technology, to colleagues, and to society is outlined. The appeal to the orientation of students – future engineers on moral values is argued. Methods of scientific and pedagogical research are defined that make it possible to study the orientation of future engineers towards moral values: the method of conceptual dictionary; M. Rokeach’s «Value Orientations» methodology, the content of which is modified in accordance with the composition of moral values to which students are attached. A comparison is made of the data obtained at the ascertaining stage of the experimental work on introducing students to moral values with the data of its control stage. Differences in the knowledge of first-year students and graduates about the concepts of «morality», «value», «moral value» are revealed: first-year students are characterized by ordinary knowledge based on everyday ideas; Graduate students are characterized by reflective, scientifically meaningful knowledge. An increase in the number of students in the experimental group is revealed, correlating moral values with the axiological foundations of the process of introducing future engineers to values. The focus of graduates of a technical university is revealed not only on personal interests, but also on the interests of another person.

Mediative competence defines the relevant skills of interaction, mediation and cooperation, which is important in the modern world due to international integration and globalization. However, insufficient attention is paid to it in the Russian methodology and the education system as a whole. There are no tasks for the development of mediation competence in French textbooks for secondary schools. The article examines the essence of the concept of «mediative competence», as well as the pecularities of its development while teaching schoolchildren. The article presents the author's set of mediative exercises. The methodological basis of the experimental research was the theoretical provisions of the development of mediative competence through interactive technologies. The study was conducted from November 2022 to January 2023 in the form of experimental lessons/parts of French lessons in the 8th grade of Petrozavodsk gimnasium № 17. 20 students took part in the experiment. The results of the study demonstrate the presence of positive dynamics in the development of mediative competence of students of the experimental group. According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that little attention is paid to the development of mediative competence in Russian schools. It is necessary to introduce more tasks for the formation of mediative competence into the learning process and ensure that they are performed on a regular basis.

Modern teaching of the disciplines «Histology» and «Human Anatomy» in pedagogical universities is characterized by the introduction of new methodological approaches, the use of both traditional and innovative forms and methods of teaching, which makes it possible to increase the effectiveness of the educational process, develop cognitive and analytical abilities of students, form personal and professional qualities of students. For the rational use of the hourly fund allocated to the study of biological disciplines, it is necessary to update the content, forms and methods of classroom training, as well as independent extracurricular work of students. The article presents the experience of implementing modern methodological approaches (problem-oriented, health-saving) using innovative forms and methods (interdisciplinary integrated laboratory classes, subject conferences, round tables, quizzes) of teaching students of pedagogical university disciplines «Histology with the basics of embryology» and «Human Anatomy». The resources of the interfaculty technopark of universal pedagogical competencies and the pedagogical technopark «Quantorium» of South Ural State Humanitarian Pedagogical University were used in the classroom for greater visualization of the educational material on the studied disciplines. The effectiveness of the conducted training sessions using innovative forms and methods of teaching is evidenced by the results of testing students and improving the quality of academic performance in these disciplines.