Peer-review academic journal for biology, history science and education science. Editor-in-Chief: doctor of historical sciences, professor, head of Domestic History and Archeology Department Oleg Dmitrievich Mochalov. Publiches since 2012 in Gold Open Access with no APC. Indexing: Russian Index Science Citation (eLibrary.ru), Google Scholar, CrossRef. ISSN: 2309-4370 (Print), 2782-3016 (Online).
Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education
Автор(ы), самостоятельно направляя научную статью, принимают на себя следующие обязательства: передают редакции журнала неисключительные права на использование научной статьи путем ее воспроизведения, использования научной статьи целиком или фрагментарно в сочетании с любым текстом, фотографиями или рисунками, в том числе, путем размещения полнотекстовых сетевых версий номеров на интернет-сайте журнала. Автор(ы) несет(ут) ответственность за неправомерное использование в научной статье объектов интеллектуальной собственности, объектов авторского права или «ноу-хау» в полном объеме в соответствии с действующим законодательством РФ. Автор(ы) подтверждает(ют), что направляемая статья публикуется впервые и не направлена в другое издание. Автор(ы) согласен(ы) на обработку в соответствии со ст.6 Федерального закона «О персональных данных» от 27.07.2006 г. №152-ФЗ своих персональных данных, а именно: фамилия, имя, отчество, ученая степень, ученое звание, должность, место(а) работы и/или обучения, контактная информация по месту работы и/или обучения, в целях опубликования представленной статьи в журнале. Автор(ы) подтверждает(ют), что направляемая научная статья не содержит сведений или информации с ограниченным доступом и для ее публикации не требуется разрешение Минобрнауки или других министерств и ведомств. Авторы гарантируют соблюдение статьи 4 Закона Российской Федерации от 27.12.1991 "О средствах массовой информации", предписывающей (в случае упоминания иностранных агентов в статье), обязательное указание на статус иностранного агента; а также предписывающей (в случае упоминания организаций, деятельность которых запрещена на территории Российской Федерации), обязательное указание на то, что деятельность соответствующего общественного объединения или иной организации запрещена. Автор(ы) научной статьи ознакомлен(ы) и согласен(ы) со следующими условиями: авторские права на научную статью принадлежат автору(ам) данной статьи; авторские права на номер журнала (в целом) принадлежат учредителю журнала; редакция журнала имеет право предоставлять материалы научных статей в российские и зарубежные организации, обеспечивающие индексы научного цитирования; редакция журнала имеет право производить необходимые уточнения и сокращения; вознаграждение (гонорар) за опубликованные статьи не выплачивается, материалы научных статей, направляемые в редакцию, авторам не возвращаются. При этом авторы имеют право использовать все материалы в их последующих публикациях при условии, что будет сделана ссылка на публикацию в нашем журнале.
Results of the study of the chemical composition of the sludge of a biogas plant during the processing of cattle manure mixed with poultry manure and expired food products
The chemical composition of the sludge obtained from processing cattle manure mixed with poultry manure and expired food products was studied using the methane fermentation method. The studied load with cattle manure contains 1,4 times more proteins, 1,6 times more fats and 2,4 times less carbohydrates compared to the load with cattle manure and poultry manure. It was found that fermentation of the load with cattle manure increased the content of nitrate nitrogen by 1,4 times compared to the load with cattle manure and poultry manure. Fermentation of the load with cattle manure increased the content of total nitrogen in the sludge by 7,2, total phosphorus by 6,9, nitrate nitrogen by 4,5, organic matter by 13,2 times, and decreased total potassium by 2,8 times. The content of organic matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the sludge increased during processing. When using sludge as an organic fertilizer, it is necessary to balance its composition. The resulting sludge meets the requirements of GOST 33380-2015 for heavy metal content. Paired linear regression equations were calculated for use in forming the composition of the loads.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gamm T.A., Grivko E.V., Gamm A.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comprehensive assessment of the dendroflora of the city of Abakan and the possibilities of optimizing the park plantings of cities in the steppe zone of Khakassia
The dendroflora of the city under study is represented by 67 species of higher vascular plants, which belong to 39 genera and 19 families. The leading position is occupied by the families Rosaceae (21 species, 31,9%), Salicaceae (10 species, 14,9%), Pinaceae (7 species, 10,4%). The basis of tree plantings of the city of Abakan are the species Populus nigra L. and P. balsamifera L.; Betula pendula Roth is also widespread. Recently, Tilia cordata Mill. has been increasingly used for urban landscaping. The study of the adaptation features of small-leaved linden in the steppe zone of the city of Abakan is very important, since it will allow us to predict its further development and, if necessary, take timely measures to preserve it. In addition, it is extremely important to assess the formation of interspecific relationships between T. cordata and arthropods – leaf pests in the city of Abakan. Preliminary assessment showed that the most typical primary pests of T. cordata in the city of Abakan are: Eriophyes tiliae var. liosoma Nal., Eriophyes tiliae var. nervalis Nal., Eucallipterus tiliae L. The highest growth was usually observed in T. cordata individuals in good condition. Plants susceptible to diseases and pests showed a low growth.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kazakova N.P., Lagunova E.G. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of the condition of woody plants growing in urban ecosystems, using the example of the city of Donetsk
Urbanization and the steady development of cities entail a noticeable increase in anthropogenic pressure on the environment. In the conditions of Donbass, the main sources of pollution are metallurgical plants, coal mines, chemical and coke industry enterprises, as well as motor transport as the main source of noise in any megalopolis. Vehicle emissions contain a wide range of toxicants that have a negative impact on phytocenoses. As a result of the conducted research, the intensity of traffic flow (on average 1,330 ± 680 units/hour) and vibration-acoustic noise (exceeding the remote control by 37 ± 4% (according to the average values) and 24 ± 3% (according to their maxima)), as a complex indicator of anthropogenic pollution of the territory, the sites were ranked at 3 levels: high, by medium and low anthropopressing. The ecological significance of the anthropogenic impact was manifested in a decrease in the viability of woody plants and an increase in the number of damages. In areas with high traffic intensity (more than 1,000 units per hour) and increased noise pollution (over 30% of the maximum permissible level), the most pronounced negative biological effects were manifested.: a decrease in the proportion of trees in satisfactory condition and an increase in the number of plants with a high proportion of damage or in critical condition (21–57% of the sample). Morphological disorders such as trunk curvature, bark detachment, rot, changes in crown architecture, as well as mechanical damage disrupted the integrity of plant protective tissues. These factors create favorable conditions for the penetration of pathogenic microorganisms and pests, the development of putrefactive processes and the general deterioration of trees. 23 species of woody plants belonging to 13 different genera were identified in the study area, indicating a moderate level of species diversity. In terms of the number of species, the genus Ulmus L. and Acer L. are dominant. and Populus L. The number of specimens is dominated by Robinia pseudoacacia L., Ulmus laevis Pall., Acer pseudoplatanus L., Acer platanoides L., Ulmus pumila L., Syringa vulgaris L., Populus simonii Carriere, Ulmus glabra Huds., Acer saccharum Marshall, Populus bolleana Lauche, Sorbus intermedia (Ehrh.) Pers., Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall. Several main species have been identified that are susceptible to crowning and sanitary pruning: Ulmus laevis Pall., Ulmus glabra Huds., Ulmus pumila L. and Robinia pseudoacacia L. These plants were all in the age group of 50–59 years and had reached a critical age in the region. As a result of windstorms, which are increasingly occurring in the region, the skeletal branches of such plants are prone to breakage, as new shoots are weaker in attachment and easier to deform irreversibly.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kornienko V.O., Shkirenko A.O., Reutskaya V.V., Yaitsky A.S., Dzhantimirova A.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Results and prospects of breeding and propagation of fruit and berry crops in the Samara Region
The article presents the results of research on breeding, variety study and reproduction of fruit and berry crops over the years of the Research Institute of Horticulture and Medicinal Plants «Zhigulevskie Sady» work. For more than 90 years of the Institute's breeding work, breeders have created about 500 varieties of fruit, berry crops and grapes. According to the data of 2023, 66 varieties of breeding of the Institute of Fruit and berry crops, as well as 1 clone rootstock for cherries and 4 clone rootstocks for apple trees are included in the State Register of the Russian Federation. Also, according to the institute, 2 varieties of American-bred blackberries have been introduced into the State Register of the Russian Federation. Promising forms of fruit and berry crops selected by breeders according to a complex of economically valuable characteristics and adaptation to the conditions of the Middle Volga region are presented. The selected elites are of interest for their further reproduction and use in breeding. Breeding work at the institute is carried out on 8 fruit and berry crops. Currently, all research work at the institute is combined in two directions: the breeding of new pomological varieties of fruit and berry crops, their reproduction and introduction into production; development of industrial technology for the cultivation of fruit and berry crops in the Samara Region.
Copyright (c) 2025 Minin A.N., Sergeev M.S., Bystrova E.D., Maltseva M.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Current State of the Natural Monument «Ardymsky Shikhan» (Penza District, Penza Region)
The relevance of the study lies in monitoring the vegetation of the highly valuable botanical natural monument «Ardymsky Shikhan» in Penza Region. The dynamics of vegetation were studied using the geobotanical profiling method (2001–2022). Trial plots were described using traditional methods. A total of 55 phytocoenotic descriptions were made, and an ecological-phytocoenotic classification of vegetation based on dominant species was developed. Geomorphological analysis was conducted using remote sensing data (RSD) and field landscape studies. The results indicate that under the protected regime over 20 years, there has been a significant increase in semi-shrubs (Krascheninnikovia ceratoides (L.) Gueldenst. and Ephedra distachya L.). True steppes on the summit and slopes of southern and southwestern exposure have been replaced by semi-shrubs, while slopes of eastern and western exposure have transitioned to steppe meadows. It is important to note that sod-grass true steppes have been replaced by diverse herbaceous variants on eastern and western slopes, and by shrub variants on the summit and southern/southwestern slopes. Meadow steppes have remained largely unchanged, but meadow vegetation has emerged, primarily steppe meadows on eastern and western slopes, and true meadows in depressions and foothills.
Copyright (c) 2025 Novikova L.A., Artemova S.N., Mironova A.A., Makuev V.K., Lazutina E.O. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Features of the ultrastructure of the mesonephros of representatives of the order Siluriformes from different climatic zones
This article discusses the ultrastructure of interstitial cells and structural units of the nephron-mesonephros in representatives of the Siluriformes order, living in the subequatorial and temperate climate zones. The object of the study was 4 species of catfish: the bottom species Silurus glanis, an inhabitant of the Rybinsk Reservoir located in the European part of Russia; the bottom species Clarias batrachus, Clarias gariepinus and the bottom-pelagic species Mystus gulio, inhabitants of the Cai River in southern Vietnam. It is shown that the ultrastructure of the interstitial cells of Siluriformes is similar to that of freshwater bony fishes of the Cypriniformes and Perciformes orders. Neutrophils of catfish, according to the structural features of secondary granules, are similar to those of Perciformes. The ultrastructure of the nephron of catfishes is similar to that of salmonids in the presence of a neck section in the proximal tubules of the nephron. The presence of a well-developed tubular reticulum in the endocytosis zone, forming loops, characterizes the type of nutrition of the studied species. The ultrastructure of the mesonephros of catfishes of the subequatorial zone differs from that of S. glanis of the temperate zone in the morphometric characteristics of leukocytes, iontransporting cells, structural units of the renal corpuscles and nephron tubules. These morphological features reflect differences in the intensity of water exchange in the body and are an adaptation to living in conditions with average annual high temperatures.
Copyright (c) 2025 Flerova E.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Productivity of Hypericum perforatum L. plants of different geographical origins under conditions of introduction in the North
The article summarizes the results of five years of research on the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the raw aboveground phytomass of 29 samples of Hypericum perforatum of different geographical origin on a homogeneous leveled agricultural field under controlled conditions of the introduction nursery. The source material was used to study delectates from botanical gardens in Russia and abroad, and the seeds of two samples were collected in nature in the Kirov and Irkutsk Regions. The seedling-grown plants entered the generative period in the second year of life. The main indicators of the aboveground phytomass of the floral part of the generative shoot (inflorescence), which serves as the medicinal raw material of St. John's wort, were taken into account, as well as the number of shoots per individual was calculated during the mass flowering phase on plants of the second to fifth years of life of each sample. It was revealed that plants of the second year of life of the majority of the studied samples (25) are capable of forming 3–6, rarely 7–9 generative shoots per individual. In the third year of life, there was a sharp increase in the number of shoots per individual in all samples, on average 9,9 times and reached 38–59 (68) pcs./ individual, and in the fourth and fifth years of plant life, the number of shoots decreased on average 3,3 times and amounted to 10–22 pcs./individual. It was found that the total content of hypericin and pseudohypericin in the aboveground phytomass of St. John's wort depended both on the origin of the samples and the meteorological conditions of the season. Seven samples of different geographical origin were identified (Irkutsk Region, Kazan, Oslo 219 and 222, Petrozavodsk, Tallin 885 and 888), which for three years, regardless of the meteorological conditions of the season, produced high levels of hypericin and pseudohypericin in medicinal raw materials (0,05–0,119%). A high content of flavonoids (3,53–7,62%) was found in the raw phytomass of the studied samples of St. John's wort of different geographical origin.
Copyright (c) 2025 Echishvili E.E., Portnyagina N.V., Punegov V.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Chronological correlation of the early Neolithic in the forest zones of the Middle and Upper Volga regions
This paper considers the questions of chronology and features of the Early Neolithic period in the Upper Volga River and forest zone of the Middle Volga River regions. It focuses on the most valid radiocarbon dates obtained from charcoal, animal bones, and charred food crusts, adjusted for the absence of a reservoir effect based on δ13C values. The early stage of the Upper Volga (Volga-Oka) culture is dated from the end of the 7th millennium to the first third of the 6th millennium BP. In the forest zone of the Middle Volga River region, the beginning of Neolithization can be dated to approximately 6800 ¹⁴C BP, coinciding with the appearance of the Elshanian culture. The greatest cultural similarity between these regions is observed during this earlier period. Around 6500 BP, the pricked and toothed decoration tradition appears in the pottery ornamentation of the Upper Volga culture. At this time, groups using ceramics decorated with subtriangular/suboval pricks migrated into the forests of the Mariisky region. Pottery with toothed and dotted line decoration was absent in the Dubovsko-Otarskaya culture. Beginning around 6300 BP, combed, drawn line, and pitted ornamentation, including the belemnite technique, became widespread in the Upper Volga culture during the final stage of the Early Neolithic. In the forest zone of the Middle Volga Region, the pricked tradition of pottery ornamentation spread even before the 5th millennium BC (6000 BP) until contact with the Lyalovo and Kama cultures. Therefore, we can conclude that there were two distinct chronological and cultural stages in the Early Neolithic of these regions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vybornov A.A., Kudashov A.S., Kulkova M.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The ceramic items made of vessel walls from the eneolithic sites at the Upper Don
In October 2025, the scientific community would celebrate the 70th anniversary of the famous scientist and archaeologist Alexander Vitalievich Utkin. An important role in his long archaeological journey was the study of the Eneolithic problems of the Upper Volga region. Our article was a tribute to him and a short summary of the results related to the study of products made from the ceramic walls of broken vessels obtained at the archaeological sites of the Upper Don region. Many dozens of archaeological settlements and underground burial grounds of the Eneolithic era are known in this territory: Nizhnedonskoy, Srednestogovskoy and Repinsk archaeological cultures, sites of the Ksizovsky type. It is noted that not all of the products from the Upper Don monuments belong to the type of fishing weights, as previously thought. Their research showed that, probably, some of these objects were ceramic scrapers, and some, with a hole in the middle, could also be used as spinning wheels. For some of the artifacts we studied, a technical and technological analysis was carried out, confirming the similarity of the technology of making ancient dishes and products made from it. The tracological analysis of the surface made for some of the objects made it possible to understand the technology of their use as skin scrapers and fishing weights. All of them belong to the Eneolithic era and date back to the IV millennium BC.
Copyright (c) 2025 Smolyaninov R.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The paper presents the materials of the late Eneolithic of the Middle Posurye. The analysis was carried out on finds from sites with a mixed cultural layer obtained as a result of excavations in 2006–2011. Ceramic ware is divided into three groups and attributed to the early, middle and late stages of the Volosovo cultural and historical community. In the study, based on comparison with sites of adjacent territories, an attempt was made to isolate stone tools of the late Eneolithic. Based on the results of radiocarbon dating, the chronological framework of the late stage of the Copper-Stone Age in the region was determined. The paper also considers the previously expressed in the literature issue of the independent cultural status of the late Eneolithic complexes of the forest-steppe Posurye. When analyzing the specific features of the late stage of the Copper-Stone Age of the region under consideration identified by specialists, it was concluded that the profiling of vessels and the presence of quartzite tools can be attributed to them. These features do not allow us to single out a special group of late Eneolithic sites with an independent cultural status. The work suggested that the uniqueness of the complexes on the Sura River is associated with the Sredny Stog influence on the Volosovo culture, which was previously traced in Primokshanye.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shalapinin A.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Eastern contacts of the population of the Kostroma Volga region in the early Iron Age – Middle Ages according to archaeological materials
The article is devoted to the analysis of some groups of archaeological materials obtained in the territory of the Kostroma Volga region and the city of Kostroma, which have an eastern origin and determine the contacts of the region with the regions of the Middle Volga, Kama and Vetluzhye. The chronological range of the existence of these materials suggests the presence of close interactions already in the Early Iron Age and, undoubtedly, in the Middle Ages. Archaeological recording of such cultural contacts allows us to obtain a more detailed and reliable picture of the course of socio-economic, historical-cultural and ethnocultural processes in the territory of the Kostroma Region. The work considers the significance of the region as a kind of contact zone, where in the Early Iron Age there was cultural and technological interaction between representatives of the two largest cultural communities of this era – the Ananyino historical and cultural region (AHCR) and the bearers of the mesh ceramic traditions of the «Upper Volga types». For the Middle Ages, the composition of archaeological finds (fragments of red clay and kashin dishes, coins, iron objects, etc.) is analyzed, which can characterize the probable trade and economic contacts of the Kostroma Volga region with the Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde, and the plot of the possible settlement of the Volga Bulgarians on the territory of the region in the pre-Mongol period is also touched upon.
Copyright (c) 2025 Baranov V.S., Novikov A.V., Novikova O.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A pendant with the «sign of Rurikovich» from the collection of the Archaeological Museum of Ivanovo State University
The article publishes a pendant with the «sign of Rurikovich». It was found by chance on the territory of a destroyed ancient Russian settlement in the Komsomolsky District of the Ivanovo Region. This is the second artifact with the «sign of Rurikovich» discovered in the Ivanovo Region. The first is a hatchet from the Shekshovo burial ground (Gavrilovo-Posad District). It was found during excavations by the Suzdal Archaeological expedition of the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences under the leadership of Academician N.A. Makarov in 2012. Analytical studies of the suspension conducted at the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences found that the suspension was cast from an alloy of copper (Cu) 78%, zinc (Zn) 13,6%, lead (Pb) 6,8% and tin (Sn) 1,7%. Its surface was covered with corrosion, which revealed the inclusion of elements from the environment. In particular, there is a high phosphorus content. This circumstance may be due to the fact that there was a cemetery in the area where the pendant was located, and the pendant could be associated with the burial goods of one of the graves. The closest analogies of the pendant found in the Ivanovo Region are: a pendant from a female burial of the Khilovo burial mound in the upper reaches of the Volga and an pendant find in the basin of the Volkhov River in the Novgorod Region. The pendant can presumably be dated to the XII–XIII centuries. This date can also be confirmed by fragments of pre-Mongol vessels, which were found in the same conditions as the pendant at the site of the destroyed ancient settlement.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kostyleva E.L., Talagaev M.A., Butrin E.S., Torgov V.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Historical memory and foreign policy of Serbia in the Macedonian question at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century
The article examines the process of formation of the foreign policy doctrine of Serbia in the Balkans in the 19th century. The author comes to the conclusion that, having gained independence, the young Serbian state sought to occupy its geopolitical niche, to assert itself as an influential regional power in the Balkans. The main foreign policy task of Serbia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries was the gradual reunification of the Serbian people, divided due to historical reasons, within a single national state. The implementation of this task encountered a counter movement of other Balkan peoples (Bulgarians, Greeks, Albanians), who also sought to expand their state territory. The causes, forms and methods of the struggle of the young Balkan states (Greece, Bulgaria and Serbia) for dominance in the European provinces of the weakening Ottoman Empire, in particular, in Macedonia, are revealed. In their struggle, the national elites of the Balkan states widely used the symbolic resources of the past, various forms of historical politics to consolidate national identity and justify their geopolitical aspirations in the conditions of fierce competition with neighboring states for disputed territories in the Balkans.
Copyright (c) 2025 Skvoznikov A.N. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A change in religious consciousness as a factor influencing attitudes towards revolutionary terrorism in the early 20th century
This article examines the relationship between the problem of Russian society's attitude to revolutionary terrorism in the early 20th century and the transformation of religious thinking under the influence of modernization processes. When writing the paper, the methods of content analysis, retrospective, ideographic, and statistical were used. The manifestations of anti- and quasi-religiosity in the actions of those whose destinies included revolutionary terror and received approval are investigated. Moreover, such ideas originated in those familiar with the philosophy of F. Nietzsche's intellectual circles were also included in the thoughts of the people, which was facilitated by the spread of literacy, strengthening the connection between the city and the countryside. The article examines the poetics of the organizers, perpetrators of terrorist attacks and those who sympathized with them in order to circumvent the commandments of the Christian faith. The leitmotif in it was the desire to adapt religious truths to solve worldly problems. It is noteworthy that the figures who remained faithful to canonical values, nevertheless, also contributed to the inclusion of the population in the revolutionary terrorist struggle. The paradox is caused by the described «symptoms» of the crisis of the Church and its perception by society as a bureaucratic unit. The results obtained can serve as a basis for further study by historians of the nature and motives of the participation of various social forces in the revolutionary events.
Copyright (c) 2025 Semeeva S.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Scientific and popularization activities of the Soviet microbiologist, academician of medicine Z.V. Ermolyeva
The presented article analyzes the scientific and popularization activities of the famous Soviet microbiologist, academician of medicine, professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Z.V. Ermolyeva, one of the founders of the Russian antibiotic industry. The main directions and forms of the scientist's popularization work are being reconstructed: giving lectures to doctors and ordinary citizens, publishing educational notes in periodicals, publishing popular science brochures, as well as participating in a number of events aimed at preserving and popularizing famous Russian scientists of the past. Unpublished documents from the Russian State Archive of Economics, the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, and the Russian State Archive of Scientific and Technical Documentation were used as sources for the article. Popular science pamphlets by Z.V. Ermolyeva, as well as her articles and notes in the periodical press of the period under study, were used from the published sources.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gorshenin A.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Morbidity of the population in young cities in the 1960s (using the example of Divnogorsk)
This paper analyzes the incidence of diseases of the population of Divnogorsk in the 1960s, which were relevant in the context of modernization and epidemiological transition, «diseases of civilization». Injuries and diseases of the nervous system are also considered as the most common among residents at this time. The author compares the morbidity rates of the population of Divnogorsk and Krasnoyarsk as young and large cities, respectively. The study was carried out using problem-chronological, statistical and comparative research methods. The main source base of the study is the reports of the Divnogorsk City Hospital. For comparison with the morbidity of the population of Krasnoyarsk, the reporting documents on the morbidity of the Krasnoyarsk Department of Health were used. In addition, the materials of the Executive Committee of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Council of Workers Deputies were involved in the work. Most of these documents have not been published before and are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The result of the work is the identification of possible factors influencing the change in morbidity rates of the population of Divnogorsk and young cities in general in the 1960s. The materials of the article can contribute to detailing the features of the dynamics of morbidity in young cities in the context of modernization processes and epidemiological transition.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ruban A.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The newspaper «Vechernyaya Kazan» as a historical source on urban space transformation in the early 1990s
This article explores the socio-political city newspaper «Vechernyaya Kazan» (‘Evening Kazan’) as a significant and informative source on the history of the transformation of post-Soviet Kazan space in the early 1990s. Based on the newspaper «Vechernyaya Kazan» materials in the early 1990s, the main directions of the urban landscape transformations and the development of the urban environment of Kazan have been identified. The analysis of newspaper publications shows the formation of a new urban multiethnic and multi-confessional space of the post-Soviet city. It remains relevant to identify the main factors of the transformation of urban space and the interaction of various urban systems in Kazan in the context of the socio-political coup in Russia at the end of the 20th century. The article reveals the role of the newspaper «Vechernyaya Kazan» in actualizing transformative processes through interactive publications among a wide reader audience, its active position in organizing readers for direct participation in the improvement of the urban environment. «Vechernyaya Kazan» paid great attention to public initiatives, which makes it possible to characterize the historical context of the mentioned period, everyday life and leisure, behavioral practices of citizens and the socio-cultural space of the city of the mentioned period, as well as to identify the reaction of public opinion to the creation of a new image of the post-Soviet city.
Copyright (c) 2025 Afanasyeva T.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The educational institutions (mektebs and madrasas) in Malmyzh District of Vyatka Governorate in the late 19th century
The study examines the key role of primary schools (mektebs) and madrasas in the Malmyzh District of Vyatka Governorate at the end of the 19th century in shaping the educational system, and in preserving the ethnocultural identity and religious-moral values of the Tatar population. Within the multiethnic context of the Russian Empire, these institutions functioned not only as centers of learning, but also as mechanisms for maintaining traditional ways of life. Special attention is paid to the operation of mektebes and madrasas as mosque-affiliated schools sustained by community donations. The study highlights their role in providing basic education and in supporting the cultural and religious identity of the Muslim population. Regional specificities of school organization, community-based funding, and the involvement of the Muslim clergy – including women – are emphasized. Based on archival materials such as district police reports and inspectors’ records from public schools, the research employs historical-systemic, comparative-historical, and statistical methods to reconstruct the stages of development of this educational network.
Copyright (c) 2025 Batula K.M. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Implementation of a reflexive-anthropological approach in additional professional education of teachers in the context of digitalization
Modern education in Russia is experiencing an era of large-scale changes caused by the rapid development of digital technologies. Digitalization of education affects all levels of the educational process: from teaching methods to the interaction of teachers and technologies, placing new demands on the professional competence of the teacher. In these conditions, additional professional education of the teacher becomes almost the only source of improving digital literacy and adaptation to the digital educational environment and modern digital educational technologies. The relevance of the topic is due not only to the need for technical mastery of digital tools, but also the need to understand changes in the teaching profession, preserving humanistic values and professional identity of the teacher. The reflexive-anthropological approach offers a holistic methodology that puts a person at the center of the educational process and uses reflection as a means of professional growth. The purpose of the scientific article is to reveal the essence of the reflexive-anthropological approach and show its role in additional professional education of the teacher in the context of digitalization of education. Digitalization of education opens up new opportunities for personal and professional development of the teacher, posing a number of serious challenges. On the one hand, digital educational technologies provide teachers with access to a huge amount of information, interactive educational resources and new forms of organizing the educational process. They allow for an individual approach to teaching, taking into account the characteristics and needs of each student, and creating motivating learning situations. On the other hand, the era of digitalization in education requires teachers to have new digital competencies and skills, such as: mastery of digital educational technologies, the ability to critically evaluate digital information, create digital content, organize distance learning and ensure security in the digital educational environment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Budarina A.O., Alekseeva E.E. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effectiveness of the lesson as a guarantee of professional development
The article actualizes the problem of the effectiveness of classes in higher education institutions using foreign language classes as an example and substantiates the necessity of using certain types of tasks at each stage of the lesson: at the beginning, in the middle, and at the end. The main purpose of the article is to define conditions that allows us to trace the relationship between effective learning and students’ professional growth. The methodological basis of the research is formed by the concepts for determining the effectiveness of lesson developed by domestic and foreign authors. The research methods are analysis and generalisation of the results of scientific works of domestic and foreign authors, as well as synthesis, observation, and comparison. Based on these methods, the author has defined the essence of effective lesson and effective tasks were identified at three stages of the lesson and the conditions under which it is possible to trace the connection between effective learning and professional growth of students. The relevance and novelty of the research is due to the lack of researches devoted to specific effective tasks, with the help of which the teacher has the opportunity to monitor the progress of students for the purpose of their further professional development. This article emphasizes the practical significance of the study which consists in the possibility of using the research results in foreign language teaching methods.
Copyright (c) 2025 Varlamova A.I. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Methodology for designing educational cases (using the example of the training program «Technosphere Safety»)
Training specialists with a well-formed readiness for professional activity, without immersion in the period of adaptation and retraining for higher education, as a sector of the state economy, is becoming a priority task in the context of an increasing shortage of personnel, diversification of industries, and ways to universalize and optimize the labor functions of personnel. The demand for practical competencies corresponding to the professional activity of a specialist stimulates the development of research on the design of approaches to the content of vocational education, methods and forms of its implementation. It is difficult to formulate methodological approaches that are uniform for the nomenclature of training areas in the development of educational content, since the fields of professional activity have different objects, functions for the transformation of objects, and established theoretical and information resources. In this regard, when developing approaches to formatting the content of education, it is necessary to keep in mind the real professional activity and possess foresight technologies to predict its development. This will make it possible to determine the methodological vector of designing the educational content and apply it to develop an educational program in a specific field of study. The article considers an algorithmic approach to designing practice-oriented cases in the disciplines of the Technosphere Safety training area. The design of algorithms for mastering the content of education is based on a process approach that allows systematizing all types of activities of a technosphere security specialist in the form of basic and additional processes, defining a divergent core for processes in the form of a pool of terms, and forming a semantic core of content based on convergent similarity by highlighting frequently used terms. This bypass reduces the time to develop and update content, as well as the time to master it. Improving the quality of practice-based case studies allows us to conclude that this approach to designing educational content is effective.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gorina L.N., Panishev A.L., Freze T.Y. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Patriotism as an axiological basis for the patriotic position of a teacher
The article substantiates the importance of patriotic education of the younger generation of Russians in modern geopolitical conditions and reveals the significance of the teacher's personality as an example of a true patriot of Russia in the formation of patriotic consciousness, civic identity, and patriotic culture of students. The role of the patriotic position of the teacher in the education of patriotism of the younger generation is revealed. It is argued that the content of the patriotic position of the teacher is determined by relations, the basis of which is values, the key of which is patriotism. The analysis of the concept of «patriotism» is carried out at the level of philosophical, sociological, psychological and pedagogical scientific knowledge. It is substantiated that at the philosophical level, patriotism is understood as a basic moral value and the principle of responsibility to the Motherland; at the sociological level – as a mechanism for uniting society and forming civic identity; at the psychological level – as a personal attitude, feeling, motive that determine the attitude towards the Motherland; at the pedagogical level, patriotism is associated with the patriotic education of students through educational activities. The article reveals the common feature that unites philosophy, sociology, psychology and pedagogy in understanding the phenomenon of patriotism – its interpretation as a value. Evidence is provided that patriotism in the status of a value determines the axiological foundations of the teacher's patriotic position: it becomes an important element of the teacher's axiosphere; determines the teacher's worldview, setting the basis for the development of his conscious patriotic position; determines the structure and content of pedagogical activity on patriotic education of students; ensures effective transmission by the teacher to the younger generation of civic and moral meanings of patriotism.
Copyright (c) 2025 Eremeeva E.Y., Pozdnyakova O.K. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The content of the concept «responsible attitude to the study of a cadet of a departmental university of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia» as a subject of pedagogical reflection
The article substantiates the importance of a responsible attitude to learning in terms of the effectiveness of training cadets in the educational process of a departmental university of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia as highly professional, morally mature employees of the Penitentiary System, ready for complex and responsible service tasks. It is substantiated that a responsible attitude to learning of a cadet of a departmental university of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia is a structural integrative personal formation, the content of which is determined by the content of its components. The structural components of a responsible attitude to learning of a cadet of a departmental university of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia (cognitive-semantic, value-motivational, volitional, moral-ethical and activity-based) are identified and their content is disclosed. The cognitive-semantic component includes knowledge of educational activity and its structure, its main stages; ideas about the need for targeted planning of the educational process, the importance of self-analysis and self-assessment of academic achievements in educational activity; conscious and deep understanding by the cadet of the essence and significance of educational activity. The value-motivational component contains values conditioned by the specifics of the departmental higher education institution and the professional focus of cadet training (mutual assistance, discipline, duty, knowledge, science, education, responsibility, truth, professionalism, self-improvement, freedom, conscience, creativity), take the form of motives for cadets' educational activities. The volitional component is substantively determined by the will of the cadet, ensuring that he/she overcomes external and internal difficulties in achieving educational goals. The moral and ethical component includes the moral and ethical responsibility of the cadet, contributing to the free, conscious choice of the cadet's model of behavior within the framework of educational activities. The activity component contains personal qualities that ensure the success of the cadet's educational activities (goodwill, organization, integrity, erudition, thoughtfulness, wisdom, reliability, honesty, competence, purposefulness, independence, creativity).
Copyright (c) 2025 Zheltukhin D.N. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Studying professional English-language terminology with the proper name component at the agrarian university
The article discusses agricultural terminology, certain aspects of onomastics relevant to study special terms in the process of teaching a professional foreign language at an agrarian university. As a rule, onomastics is not studied by students of non-linguistic specialties. The purpose of the article is to describe practical tasks that have been proven in practice and are effective for the systematic study of professional vocabulary and terminology in teaching students at the agrarian university. The use of an integrative approach to the studying process while learning general scientific, specialized, and highly specialized terms is proposed. The stated purpose and professional orientation of the vocabulary under consideration determines the relevance to study this topic by students of agricultural specialties in order to improve professional communication skills and necessary competencies. Along with the development of professional communication skills, students delve into linguistic aspects, get acquainted with the tasks of lexicography, types of translation dictionaries, analyze grammatical categories, stylistic features, and master the skills of practical translation. The ability to understand and analyze the structure of complex terms, the processes of their formation, and develop in oral and written professional communication will enhance motivation for self-development. The level of modern professional competences requires to study the basics of professional translation, that provides the prospective to continue the research.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kazakova L.N., Boldyreva T.P. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Information competence in the structure of digital culture of students of secondary vocational education
The article considers the essence and role of information competence in the structure of digital culture of students of secondary vocational education. The relevance of the problem is due to the rapid development of digital technologies, which imposes new requirements on professional training of specialists for the modern economy and society. The analysis of scientific approaches to defining the concepts of «information competence» and «information competence» is carried out, the differences between these concepts are shown and the dynamics of their development in pedagogical science is revealed. The structure of the digital culture of secondary vocational education students is described, including cognitive-semantic, motivational-value, communicative, instrumental, moral-ethical and reflexive components. It is substantiated that information competence is not distinguished in the structure of digital culture as a separate component, but permeates all components of digital culture, manifesting itself in each of them and acting as a system-forming link integrating them into a holistic education. It is emphasized that the formation of information competence contributes to the development of students' independence, responsibility, critical thinking, ability to adapt and professional growth in the digital society. The conclusion is made about the need for a systematic approach to the development of digital culture of secondary vocational education students, in which information competence becomes a key factor in the successful educational and professional activities of graduates.
Copyright (c) 2025 Melnikov M.S. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital educational methods in higher education
The article is devoted to the review of digital educational methods used in higher education, with an emphasis on their impact on the educational process. In the context of rapid technological development and digital transformation of society, education is faced with the need to adapt to new realities. The article considers the key aspects of the introduction of digital technologies into the educational environment, including the use of online platforms, webinars, video conferencing and other tools. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the cognitive and affective effects of digital learning, the impact on students' motivation, the formation of time management skills and analytical thinking. The author emphasizes the importance of systematizing digital methods and developing comprehensive solutions for integrating technologies into the educational process. Examples of the successful use of digital tools in Russian and foreign universities are considered. A conclusion is made about the need for further study of the impact of digitalization on education, as well as the forecast of its development in the context of public policy and the requirements of the digital economy. The article actualizes the problem of forming a theoretical basis for the use of digital methods, which helps to improve the quality of education and professional training of students.
Copyright (c) 2025 Portnova N.Y. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The methodology of assessing the social and communicative skills of future architects in the process of business games
The purpose of the article is to substantiate and test the methodology for conducting and evaluating social and communicative skills formed through business games using the example of the game «Twins and Clones». The development of a questionnaire revealing the level of formation of the required skills was carried out on the basis of an analysis of scientific publications devoted to the creation of a criterion-assessment apparatus and the specifics of the psychological stages of training future architects. Criteria for assessing the level of formation of social and communicative skills in accordance with the three stages of their formation were proposed: identification of motivation to implement socio-communicative practices in architectural design (1st stage); experience of including socio-professional interaction in educational design with the participation of a teacher (2nd stage); experience of independent inclusion of socio-professional interaction in educational design (3rd stage). More than 80 students of the Faculty of Architecture of the Orel State University named after I.S. Turgenev participated in the empirical research. A comparison of the results of the ascertaining and formative experiments demonstrated the effectiveness of the developments. The business game led to a significant (15–20%) improvement in social and communication skills among 90% of participants, especially in terms of motivation for professional communication and experience using it in educational projects. In oral surveys, students also positively assess new experiences. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time a step-by-step assessment system of an architect's social and communicative skills was proposed, and a comparison of the level of proficiency in the architect's social and communicative skills was carried out before and after the integration of a contextual business game into the educational process. In the development of the research, it is planned to expand the integration of social and communicative practices into the process of professional education of students, mastering the successful experience of architects and acquiring creative independence when using social and professional communications in architectural activities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Topchiy I.V., Mironova I.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Professional and personal development of medical college students in the process of volunteering
This article discusses the impact of volunteering on the professional and personal development of students. In the context of increasing requirements for the training of specialists who are ready to effectively solve professional problems, this problem is of particular importance. The article analyzes the key concepts of the study: volunteering; professional and personal development, student of a medical college. Volunteering was defined as a pedagogical tool capable of solving the issues of effective professional and personal development of future specialists. The article analyzes the importance of volunteering for the professional and personal development of students, provides fragments of this activity organized at the Zelenodolsk Medical College. The information presented in the article demonstrates the active involvement of future doctors in volunteer activities. Their participation in the Victory Volunteers Project is of particular importance. Even brief information about the Project allows us to assess its importance in the acquisition of not only important professional skills, but also personal qualities that are significant for the medical profession. The study of the personal development of student volunteers showed positive results in their development, in training, and in increasing their readiness for professional activities. In conclusion of the article, brief conclusions are made on the study.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatykhova I.D., Chelnokova T.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of the structure of mathematical training of specialists in the field of artificial intelligence based on the curricula of the bachelor's degree
Modern educational programs aimed at training specialists in artificial intelligence and data analysis require a well-structured and consistent mathematical foundation, which underpins the development of algorithmic and computational skills. The lack of unified approaches to curriculum design leads to significant variability in both the structure and content of mathematical courses. This complicates the comparison of educational trajectories, the formulation of common graduate requirements, and the assessment of training quality. The conducted study focuses on identifying typical structures of mathematical training and classifying them using data analysis methods. An analysis of 46 bachelor’s degree curricula allowed for the determination of the frequency of key mathematical disciplines, their semester-wise distribution, and recurring combinations present in the majority of programs. To formalize educational trajectories, a graph-based model was implemented, where vertices represent disciplines and edges reflect the sequence of their study. Based on a defined distance metric between programs, clustering was performed, resulting in two stable groups of curricula with varying depth of mathematical training, as well as one outlier trajectory that deviates from the typical structure. The findings of this study may serve as a foundation for developing recommendations to standardize curriculum design approaches and for implementing tools for automated analysis and comparison of educational programs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Cheremuhin A.D., Kolodkina N.N. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The musical landscape of modern Kazan as a means of developing musical and cognitive interest of younger schoolchildren
The article examines the influence of the musical landscape of the modern city of Kazan on the aesthetic education of primary school children. The article describes the musical and sound space of cultural institutions, a variety of forms, methods, events aimed at the age category of younger schoolchildren, contributing to the formation of their musical and cognitive interest, aesthetic taste, expansion of musical horizons, development of musical and creative abilities. The characteristic of the musical landscape is given and the associated concepts of «cultural landscape», «sound landscape», «phonolandscape», «sound space» are considered. The analysis of the works of domestic and foreign authors exploring the problem of interest formation, musical interest, musical and cognitive interest is presented. The experimental study covered primary school students of secondary schools in the city of Kazan. An experimental group of younger schoolchildren was immersed in the musical and sound space of the city of Kazan, according to a specially developed program, which was implemented taking into account the proposed pedagogical conditions. The conducted research has shown the effectiveness of the influence of the musical landscape of a modern city on the education of musical and cognitive interest of younger schoolchildren. The results obtained can serve as a basis for further planning of the musical and sound space of a modern city, the formation of a repertoire policy of cultural institutions, the organization of event events that take into account different age categories of citizens.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yavgildina Z.M., Kalinina L.Y., Terentyeva I.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0