Samara Journal of Science

Rotifers make a significant contribution to the self-purification of the water bodies. Full self-purification is especially important for water bodies of recreational zones of settlements. These water bodies are constantly visited by local residents and conditions in these water bodies must comply with sanitary standards and they shouldn’t be dangerous to human health. At the same time, the rest of residents on the banks of urban ponds leads to a deterioration in their ecological and sanitary conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the ecosystems of urban ponds located in recreational areas and among resident buildings. The Rotifera and Crustacea community in the small temporary urban recreational pond in microdistrict 13 of Samara was studied in 2012 and 2018. The pond is situated in the middle of the plot among Kirov avenue, Georgy Dimitrov street, Stara-Zagora street, Moskovskoe highway. 23 Rotifera (13 familia) and 24 Crustacea species (8 familia) have been identified. All species are common for water bodies in the Samara Region. Most of the species live in other ponds of Samara. Brachionidae dominated in the Rotifera community, Cyclopoidae и Daphniidae dominated in the Crustacea. The seasonal dynamics of the population size from May till November was studied. The Rotifers largest abundance in both years was observed in spring and autumn. The crustaceans largest abundance was in 2012 in October, in 2018 in July. The indicator species of Rotifera and Crustacea correspond to the β-mesosaprobic zone. While resting people trample grass on the banks, the soil washout causes eutrophication and shallowing of the pond. It is necessary to remove bottom sediments and strengthen the pond banks to improve the state of the pond.

The development of the concept of ecosystem services, started at the end of the 20^th century mainly by foreign authors, has recently extended to the consideration of various aspects of the mankind interaction with the surrounding natural complexes, including the functioning of agroecosystems of various types and urban environments. The urban ecosystem includes various forms of infrastructure that provide services to the population, including green infrastructure consisting of natural plant systems and associated green technologies. Green infrastructure ensures the implementation of regulatory, supportive and cultural ecosystem services. On the other hand, the reverse interaction has recently been considered – the practice of considering ecosystem services provided directly by the urban environment for the conservation of biological diversity has appeared. The provision of ecosystem services is an important role of urban plantings, and the contribution of woody plants to their implementation is particularly important. Despite the small share of the area occupied in the urban environment, the use of land covered with trees contributes to a significant reduction in the «ecological footprint» of the city. However, the quality of ecosystem services provided is largely determined by the vital condition of a particular instance of trees and depends on their specific features. Based on the actual data obtained during the survey of model plots of street plantings in Samara, the authors consider the features of the balance between ecosystem services and risks associated with the species composition and vital state of the tree component of plantings in the urban environment. For a number of species of woody plants, their actual role in the urban environment has been factorially analyzed, taking into account the effectiveness of the implementation of ecosystem services and the severity of problems associated with their condition or life characteristics.

The paper deals with abiotic environmental factors affecting the decorative effect created by plants belonging to various biomorphs in the conditions of the continental climate. The authors have identified some problems of Siberian landscaping. They are 1) insufficient knowledge by landscape architects of the ecological and biological features of trees and shrubs and their belonging to certain zones of frost resistance; 2) the use of ornamental plants with a short period of ontogenesis in landscape compositions; 3) insufficient involvement of late summer and autumn flowering perennial plants in landscaping. It is shown that the degree of winter damage of the aboveground shoot system of trees and shrubs is influenced not only by the absolute values of minimum temperatures, but also by the duration of their exposure. Methods of rejuvenation of ornamental plants from the family Ranunculaceae used in landscape architecture are proposed. As a result of long-term studies of the Chrysanthemum L. generic complex, including species, forms and varieties, conducted in the CSBG, a garden group of Korean chrysanthemums has been identified. Its representatives, characterized by average flowering periods and blooming at a day longitude of 13–14 hours, can significantly fill the period including September and even the first half of October with their ornamental effect. The characteristics of resistance and ornamental qualities of some species and varieties of plants included in the biological resource collection USU 44053 are given.

The paper deals with a comparative analysis of the features of the population organization of the Myodes glareolus and the Apodemus uralensis on the territory of the State Nature Reserve «Kologrivsky Forest» named after M.G. Sinitsyn. This research is a part of a long-term monitoring of the state of populations of dominant species of small mammals on the site of the Kologrivsky Reserve. The paper presents factors of the dynamics of the density of rodent populations, considers trends in the number of individuals of the studied species, their sex and age structure, characteristics of interior and exterior features. The general tendencies and regularities of rodent adaptation to various external environmental factors are revealed. The authors have established a direct statistical dependence of the density of the studied populations on the average air temperature and an inverse dependence on the amount of precipitation. The dependence of exterior and interior features on the gender and age structure, population dynamics and weather conditions is traced. The role of autoregulation of integral population indicators as one of the mechanisms for maintaining its homeostatic state is considered. The revealed patterns allow us to make a forecast of the population dynamics of the Myodes glareolus and the Apodemus uralensis on the territory under consideration. It is possible to use the results of the study as a control example for comparison with other populations of cyclomorphic rodents in ecologically contrasting conditions of forest biocoenoses.

This paper deals with the field integrated geo-environmental research of lake Dus-Khol in the summer of 2021. Under the leadership of the Tuvan Scientific Center in the context of project to identify maximum permissible and optimal recreation load on the specially protected natural area the study collected and updated data on the number of visitors and the condition of the coastal ecosystem health. Lake Dus-Khol is located in Tandinsky kozhuun of the Republic of Tuva, 3 km away from lake Hadyn. Dus-Khol is one of the most visited lakes in the Republic of Tuva. The main attractions are therapeutic mud, high-quality rapa, heliotherms, and drinking mineral waters. A regime of regional specially protected natural area has been introduced on the territory of the lake, the main goal is to preserve natural wetland complexes in their natural state and protect them from the negative effects of anthropogenic and man-made factors. Based on the data obtained, the types of recreation, the values of recreational load and the degree of recreational digression of the ecosystem are determined. The forms of recreation, recreation load values and recreation degree of ecosystem were identified based on the received data. The ways of optimizing recreational nature management on the lake were proposed. The visitors were counted by route counting method during the peak season. Data on the types and scale of recreational activities, as well as the degree of recreational digression of natural complexes of the coast were carried out by visual assessments and surveys.

The paper considers the features of the phenotypic structure formation of blue rock pigeons populations on the basis of plumage color on territories with varying degrees of urbanization. The distribution of morphotypes may depend on the number of pigeons in flocks (the density of micropopulation groups), which is determined by migration processes associated with the transformation of the habitat, changes in foraging and other factors. An important role in the phenotypic structure formation of the pigeon population is the development of adaptations to living conditions in the city. The most anthropotolerant and, accordingly, adapted to the conditions of urbanization, are the most numerous morphotypes – black and grey, which have developed various adaptation strategies in the process of co-evolution. Representatives of these morphotypes predominantly constitute the «sedentary» part of pigeon populations in urban areas. Migrants, among whom, apparently, there is a large proportion of «aberrant» morphotypes or hybrid forms, demonstrate less adaptability to anthropogenic impact and to the conditions of urbanization. The existence of stable polymorphic populations of blue rock pigeons in the urban environment indicates the development of multidirectional behavioral strategies that make it possible to fully use the features of urban landscapes and adapt to humans and numerous anthropogenic disturbance factors. One of the directions of the adaptive population strategy of blue rock pigeons is the development of moderate anthropotolerance, which is possessed by representatives of the most common black-striped phenotype.

The paper provides information about 13 rare lichen species of the Chuvash Republic that need constant monitoring in the natural environment (Agonimia allobata, Agonimia flabelliformis, Bryoria simplicior, Bryoria trichodes, Cetraria islandica, Cladonia stellaris, Flavoparmelia soredians, Heteredermia japonica, Inoderma byssaceum, Phaeographis dendritica, Platismatia glauca, Scytinium tenuissimum, Usnea diplotypus). A brief ecological and biological characteristic, occurrence in neighboring regions, limiting factors and measures of protection of these species are indicated for each species. 7 species of lichens are located on the border of the range or beyond (Bryoria simplicior, Bryoria trichodes, Cetraria islandica, Cladonia stellaris, Flavoparmelia soredians, Phaeographis dendritica, Platismacia glauca), 10 species are strictly confined to a certain type of habitat and substrate (Agonimia allobata, Agonimia flabelliformis, Bryoria trichodes, Bryoria simplicior, Flavoparmelia soredians, Heteredermia japonica, Inoderma byssaceum, Phaeographis dendritica, Scytinium tenuissimum, Usnea diplotypus), 7 species are decreasing in number due to a decrease in the area of old-growth forests as a result of logging, trampling and fires (Agonimia allobata, Cetraria islandica, Cladonia stellaris, Heteredermia japonica, Inoderma byssaceum, Platismatia glauca, Usnea diplotypus). Cetraria islandica disappears when the soil cover is disturbed, when collected by the population for medicinal purposes.

The paper is devoted to the little-studied funeral practice of the Orthodox communities of the White Sea region and Russian Lapland in the absence of a body. The research was based on the results of the author’s work in the last two decades. On the island of Kildin in the Barents Sea, on Lake Sredne Kuito in North Karelia and on a small forest lake near the town of Kovdor three original, similar monuments – groups of «stone structures of unknown purpose» have been recorded. The originality and controversiality of these objects requires their systematic study, introduction into scientific circulation and interpretation. Archaeologists, as a rule, carry out only a primary fixation of objects, but excavations do not always allow to determine clearly the purpose of stone piles. Based on the experience of working with such facilities in Karelia and on the Kola Peninsula, it can be argued that they were not intended for economic purposes. A number of common features make it possible to attribute these structures to a group of monuments associated with the Orthodox funeral tradition. This is the orientation of the stone constructions west – east, the general location «beyond the water», on the periphery of cemeteries, visual similarity with grave mounds of earth or wooden «houses of the dead». Presumably they were ground cenotaphs for the drowned – a «house» for the soul in the absence of a body. The spread of the tradition of their creation can be limited to the area of culture of the Russians and Karelians of the Pomerania of the European North. They are tentatively dated to the period of the Late Middle Ages – Modern Times and are considered as part of the Orthodox culture of the population of Eastern Fennoscandia. Understanding the idea of these objects is impossible without information on the ethnography of Slavic and Finno-Ugric ethnic groups – about the division of the dead into those who died a «natural» or «unnatural» death.

The paper studies the role of the Minister of Finance of the Russian Empire E.F. Kankrin in the reforming of the Ural region’s territorial and sectoral administration in the 20s of the 19^th century, as well as his influence on the implementation of the governor-general project by Alexander I of the potential district, which was supposed to appear after merging the Perm, Vyatka and Orenburg provinces together. Particular attention is paid to specification of official powers of the governor general, which was to manage this district. Considering two ways of carrying out this reform discussed in the government circles (Project by Senator V.Yu. Soymonov and Project by E.F. Kankrin), the author comes to the conclusion that the project, created by the Minister of Finance in 1824 and the introduction of the position of the chief head of the mining plants of the Ural Range, influenced the content of the project of a special «mountainous» general government of Senator V.Yu. Soymonov, however, had one fundamental difference, which greater extent contributed to overcoming the problem of departmental disunity at the regional level. It is for this reason that it was applied at the beginning of the reign of Nicholas I.

Fedor Fedorovich Martens is a widely recognized international lawyer who organized and conducted a number of international conferences, the author of studies in the field of international law, a high-ranking employee of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire. The activity of F.F. Martens was devoted to a fairly extensive research literature. Historians assess his personal qualities differently, but agree on the diplomatic and legal practice of F.F. Martens. The value of the diaries of F.F. Martens lies in the fact that they contain assessments of the activities of Russian and foreign diplomats, other statesmen and the organization of foreign policy of the Russian Empire as a whole. The analysis of the diary entries of F.F. Martens allows us to identify his personal position, which sometimes differed markedly from what he wrote in official documents reflecting the formal business side of the issue. This makes it possible to introduce significant elements in understanding how the practice of appointments and personnel decisions in the sphere of Russia’s foreign policy was formed. F.F. Martens criticized the principles on which the practice of appointments and personnel decisions in the sphere of Russia’s foreign policy was based, noting the phenomena that hindered a successful implementation of the foreign policy of the Russian Empire.

The researcher has revealed late Soviet historiography of the problem of cultural and educational work in the Workers and Peasants’ Red Army (Red Army) in the 1920s – June 1941. Such a scientific task is solved in the format of a brief historiographical review. In this case, the late Soviet historiography refers to an array of Soviet historiographical sources published in the second half of the 1980s – 1991, that is, during the so-called Gorbachev’s perestroika. The author of this brief historiographical review proceeded from the fact that in the conditional historiographical period, the chronological framework of which is indicated above, a certain number of historiographical sources devoted to the history of the Red Army in the 1920s – June 1941 appeared. They reflected, among other things, many aspects of cultural and educational work in the Red Army, which was an integral part of party-political work (moreover, with a relative degree of independence) that became, without a doubt, a unique phenomenon in Soviet military construction and construction of the Armed Forces of the young Soviet state. The authors selected, first of all, a set of historiographical sources having both direct and indirect relation to the topic of cultural and educational work in the Red Army in the 1920s – June 1941. While working with them, the peculiar historical situation that developed in the USSR during Gorbachev’s perestroika was taken into account. Then the general vector of historical development was built – the movement towards the collapse of the USSR. And this circumstance left an indelible imprint on all historiographical sources, which reflect (to one degree or another) the problem being subjected to a brief historiographical review. Such historiographical sources today require comprehension and rethinking from the standpoint of new theoretical and methodological approaches that have established themselves in modern Russian historical science.

The paper deals with the issues of supply and working conditions of the first prospectors of the large-scale construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline, the survey of the route of which began after the decisions of the USSR Council of People’s Commissars in 1932. On the basis of the study of the documents stored in the Russian State Archive in Samara, the author shows the problems that the survey expeditions had to face in the process of performing the work – misunderstanding of the specifics of field parties work on the part of the bodies involved in supplying expeditions, the lack of sufficient personnel, poor nutrition, insufficient water transport, horses and deer, guides seriously complicated the execution of the work in the designated time. In terms of its scope, the surveys of the Baikal-Amur Mainline route surpassed all the surveys previously carried out in the USSR. In the presence of technical difficulties and the absence of cartographic material, poor supply of food, equipment, clothing and footwear, in conditions of impassable taiga and mountainous terrain, difficult climatic conditions, the prospectors were able to cope with the task assigned to them. The analysis of archival documents showed that despite the difficulties encountered by the prospectors, by the end of 1933 they had presented the main material for the design of the railway route from Taishet to Sovetskaya Gavan.

The collapse of the Soviet Union, the destruction of intra- and intersectoral ties between the former Soviet republics, and the unsuccessful market transformations that followed, supplemented by political and social problems, could not produce an explosive positive effect on the development of the new statehood. Crises became an integral part of the economy of the Russian Federation, which did not take long to affect the social sphere of society. It was necessary to search for mechanisms capable of changing the situation and accelerating economic processes. Relying only on the experience of leading foreign states, as practice showed, did not always lead to a positive result. The reasons for this lie in the combination of political, economic, cultural characteristics of countries that are not like Russia. Undoubtedly, it is worth trying to use this experience, but at the same time applying the achievements of domestic theory and management practice. In this regard, in the presented study, on the example of a separate republic, an analysis of the development of the Soviet economy in the middle of the 1960s–1970s is carried out, the features of the success and at the same time the crisis of the Soviet industry are shown. Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the period under review was able to achieve a powerful upswing in industry. Success was built primarily on the oil and petrochemical industries, which was explained by the demand for the products of these industries in the domestic and foreign markets. However, only the focus on data, traditional industries, in the conditions of late industrialism, became the anchor of further development. Central and local leadership failed to capture these trends.

The paper analyzes the history of the unrealized project of the Orenburg encyclopedia, which could become an example of the first regional encyclopedia creation in the history of modern Russia. However, this project faced unforeseen organizational difficulties, contradictions of a subjective nature, and as a result was reformatted into several narrowly thematic regional encyclopedic publications. The author shows main stages and directions of the work of the authors on this project, identifies fundamental approaches to the encyclopedia and its structure, which were followed by the authors and well-known regional scientists of the Orenburg Region. The paper is based on the materials of the family archive of T.L. Bolshakova. One of them is a personal diary of Leonid Naumovich Bolshakov, the head of the team of authors who worked on the encyclopedia project. This unique source made it possible to see the emotional component of the work on this project, the internal mechanisms of its development, to trace the ambiguous role of historians and representatives of the government of the Orenburg Region in the encyclopedia creation as well as in the reasons for this project failure. It is noted that the Orenburg encyclopedia could become the first project of this kind in Russia, if there weren’t any objective and subjective difficulties that arose while working on it.

The relevance of the topic of the paper is motivated by the importance of finding ways to preserve the highest moral values in the minds of the younger generation, and the development of moral feelings. The paper argues that one of the possible ways to preserve traditional values is education of a virtuous person. The author motivates the social relevance of educating such a person by the fact that a virtuous way of life, the person’s virtues are not innate. It is shown that a virtuous person is a moral person who cares about his spiritual qualities, or virtues, the essence of which is the ability to feel ashamed. The author points out that the development of the concept of «virtue» is carried out mainly by ethics that this concept is interpreted ambiguously and is not identical to the concept of «moral quality» used in pedagogical research on education. Various interpretations reflect the complex nature of the phenomenon and, accordingly, suggest the multifaceted nature of the process of educating a virtuous student. Each meaning of the concept of «virtue» corresponds to a specific area of the teacher’s activity in educating a virtuous student: a) improvement of moral qualities (virtue in the sense of moral quality); b) improvement of value orientations (virtue in the sense of value); c) raising moral awareness (virtue in the sense of the concept of moral awareness, the concept of morality); d) raising ethical awareness of young students (virtue in the sense of the category of ethical awareness, the category of ethics). The integrity of the teacher’s activity in educating a virtuous student as a multifaceted process is due to the dominance of the value approach: the sense of value has a moral quality, the category of ethics and the concept of morality, and the student’s focus on values forms his/her value orientations.

By means of hermeneutical analysis a Christian content of the individuality principle has been identified in V.V. Zenkovsky’s education concept, its priority meaning is justified, factors of individuality development are determined, tasks of school education are formulated. According to the Christian teaching about the Image Divine in a person, the thinker interprets individuality as the main core in a person, rooted in his spiritual beginning. The holistic unity of a person’s mental life as well as his individual characteristics are determined by individuality. The scientist connects pedagogical opportunities for the development of individuality with religious education. Churching, free aspiration to God, creative assimilation of the universal content of culture, social activity of personality are the main factors of development of the child’s individuality. These factors are directly related to the tasks of school education: creating an atmosphere of love and sincere respect for the child; development of the emotional sphere of the child’s personality and social responsiveness formation; supporting of the child in the search for an individual trajectory of his development, creating an Orthodox cultural environment for education. The thinker’s interpretation of the individuality principle shows his intention to restore the integrity of the individual by building a system of holistic pedagogy based on the principles of Orthodoxy.

The paper deals with the problem of teaching speaking a second foreign language. The emphasis is put on the fact that two foreign languages are studied in many liberal fields of education, including linguistics. However, observations show that students’ proficiency in a second foreign language is zero or significantly lower than in the first one. In the theoretical part of the paper the authors consider the development of foreign language speaking skills in the context of communicative activity approach. This approach implies that the main goal of foreign language learning is the mastery of all kinds of language activities (reading, listening, writing, and speaking). At the same time the development of lexical, grammatical, phonetic and other skills facilitate. The main phases of the speaking process are listed and the close interaction between speaking and listening is highlighted. The practical part of the paper is devoted to describing exercises to develop the skills of preparing a dialogue on the topic under study. At the first stage of training the authors suggest practicing individual situations in the form of micro-dialogs. At the second stage, students perform an audio script and then memorize the resulting text. The final stage of preparation is the reproduction of the whole dialogue using speech supports.

This paper is devoted to the problem of using creative technologies for teaching a foreign language to prospective teachers, which is relevant in accordance with the standards of higher professional education. The role of creative thinking in the development of foreign language communicative competence is indicated. The question of the development of linguistic creativity in teaching a foreign language is touched upon. The definitions of pedagogical technologies, creative pedagogical technologies and creative technologies of teaching a foreign language are considered. The main characteristics are highlighted and the classification of creative technologies of teaching a foreign language is presented. Technologies for the development of linguistic creativity of students are presented. Attention is focused on the technologies of creative writing as a means of developing linguistic creativity. Examples of the use of language and group creative games as methods of creative writing for teaching a foreign language (German) to students are given. The technologies of heuristic teaching of a foreign language are also presented, on the basis of which students’ creative thinking points are considered: heuristic methods of cognition of an object, identification of its main features and heuristic methods of transformation of object features and creation of a new object. Each group of heuristic methods is illustrated by examples of use in German language classes at a university.

The paper is devoted to the problem of universal educational actions development among students of a general education organization. Special attention is paid to the need for cognitive learning activities development. Their role in the educational process when students master the subject content is determined. The paper presents the results of the study conducted by specialists of the Department of Pedagogy and Psychology of the Institute of Educational Development in the Samara Region. The purpose of the study is to identify and evaluate the current state of meta-subject results development among students of grades 5–8 of general education organizations in the Samara Region, demonstrated in the All-Russian test papers on Russian language and Mathematics in 2020, 2021. The study revealed the most problematic cognitive meta-subject results, the development of which is recommended to focus on in primary school. The results of the study have convincingly demonstrated that it is the low level of cognitive meta-subject actions in the majority of students that is an obstacle to their full development of any subject content. The meta-subject deficits of students allowed us to draw a conclusion about the actual professional deficits of teachers. The results of the study will be useful to teachers of general education, students of pedagogical universities and all those who are interested in improving the quality of general education.

On the basis of historical documents, pedagogical writings of the 19^th – early 20^th centuries and modern works, the paper reveals features of the development of ideas of personality free development in Russian pedagogy in the first third of the 20^th century. Their significance for the modern theory and practice of personality-oriented education is assessed. It is determined that by the beginning of the 20^th century education had become a strategically important phenomenon, the idea of personality as a value for society was becoming widespread. Schools of «pedagogy of individuality» were being formed. The content of personality-developing pedagogical systems had been heterogeneous by 1917–1918, they were influenced by various theories in the context of the relationship between the individual and society. Since the 1920s, pedagogical activity acquired sociocentric contours associated with the upbringing of the socialist type of personality. State educational authorities carefully, but firmly and consistently eliminated religious and other pedagogical influences that did not fit into the established format and ideal of the moral character of a Soviet citizen. At the same time, in socialist education, within certain limits, there was continuity between the ideas of free development and environmental education of the 1920s. The study shows that with unlimited resources in creating a controlled and ideological educational environment, outstanding results can be achieved. However, such results will be ambiguous: blocking personal development, encouraging a programmed influence on a person deprives him of a self-forming beginning, freedom, and ultimately responsibility.

The paper is devoted to theoretical aspects of the problem of readiness for self-education development among cadets of the departmental higher education institution of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. The role of the concepts of «readiness» and «self-education» in determining the readiness of cadets for self-education is substantiated. A scientific idea is revealed about the readiness of a person for activity in the context of psychological and pedagogical knowledge as the possibility of an effective performance by a person of a certain activity, for which he must have adequate characteristics for it. An analysis of the works devoted to the types of readiness of cadets studying at universities of various law enforcement agencies is presented. Peculiarities of cadets’ readiness for professional activities, for professional communication, for self-education, for independent work, for professional and moral self-realization, for humanistic interaction with a person, for the implementation of professional moral standards are revealed. It is substantiated that the readiness of cadets of departmental universities for various types of activities, considered as a personal education, as a personality-activity neoformation, as a state of personality, has a structure. Components are given that correspond to the content of various types of readiness of cadets of departmental universities. Interpretations of self-education are analyzed in relation to cadets of various departmental universities (military, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia). The necessity of considering self-education of a cadet of a departmental higher education institution of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia is substantiated not only as self-education of a representative of a particular profession, but also as a person in the broadest sense. An interpretation of the readiness for self-education among cadets of a departmental higher education institution of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia is proposed as a personal education, characterized by purposeful, conscious, systematic and painstaking work of a cadet on himself, on improving himself as a person and professional, and developed by cognitive, motivational, axiological, emotional, practical and reflective components.

The paper is devoted to theoretical aspects of the problem of readiness for self-education development among cadets of the departmental higher education institution of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. The role of the concepts of «readiness» and «self-education» in determining the readiness of cadets for self-education is substantiated. A scientific idea is revealed about the readiness of a person for activity in the context of psychological and pedagogical knowledge as the possibility of an effective performance by a person of a certain activity, for which he must have adequate characteristics for it. An analysis of the works devoted to the types of readiness of cadets studying at universities of various law enforcement agencies is presented. Peculiarities of cadets’ readiness for professional activities, for professional communication, for self-education, for independent work, for professional and moral self-realization, for humanistic interaction with a person, for the implementation of professional moral standards are revealed. It is substantiated that the readiness of cadets of departmental universities for various types of activities, considered as a personal education, as a personality-activity neoformation, as a state of personality, has a structure. Components are given that correspond to the content of various types of readiness of cadets of departmental universities. Interpretations of self-education are analyzed in relation to cadets of various departmental universities (military, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia). The necessity of considering self-education of a cadet of a departmental higher education institution of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia is substantiated not only as self-education of a representative of a particular profession, but also as a person in the broadest sense. An interpretation of the readiness for self-education among cadets of a departmental higher education institution of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia is proposed as a personal education, characterized by purposeful, conscious, systematic and painstaking work of a cadet on himself, on improving himself as a person and professional, and developed by cognitive, motivational, axiological, emotional, practical and reflective components.

This study is an attempt to analyse the university technosphere capabilities to develop the teacher’s information culture. The university technosphere is considered to be the most important condition to develop the university teacher’s information culture. Having analyzed the essence and structure of the teacher’s information culture, the following hypothesis is put forward: the effectiveness of the university technosphere development has an impact in the development of the teacher’s information culture; the effectiveness of the university technosphere development is also reflected in the teacher’s readiness to apply the information technologies in practice in the educational process. This hypothesis indicates the purpose of the study: to substantiate the model of the teacher’s information culture development in the conditions of the university technosphere creation and functioning. Having substantiated this model theoretically, the authors have built upon the ideas of information and communication, competency-based and cyber-ontological approaches, which are especially relevant in the context of modern cyber socialization. A pedagogical experiment involving 32 teachers from the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University (Kaliningrad, Russia) has been organized to test the hypothesis. The experiment has been carried out in three stages: at the first ascertaining stage the teachers’ attitude to the development of their information culture has been diagnosed. The adoption of the teacher’s information culture development model, which has no analogues in modern pedagogy of higher education (implemented on the basis of the self-developed special course, which is held as a series of training seminars) has been carried out at the second formative stage. The re-diagnostics of the developed components of the teacher’s information culture has been carried out at the third control stage. The dynamics has been observed in all information culture components. The most significant changes have occurred in the indicators of the information culture operational component development (from 5,8 units to 9,1 units), which has indicated the effectiveness of the developed model. Hence, it can be used in the organization of work how to develop the university teacher’s information culture. The novelty of the study is related to the introduction of the developed model into the university educational space, which develops the teacher’s psychological readiness to master the information products and professional competence in the implementation of the innovative information technologies.

Currently, much attention is paid to the improvement of financial literacy in the Russian Federation. In modern conditions, financial literacy can be improved on the basis of the idea of interdisciplinary integration. One of the content and procedural characteristics of the educational potential of interdisciplinary integration is to increase the level of practice orientation of the educational process. The purpose of this study is to identify the possibilities of using interdisciplinary integration for university students’ financial literacy improvement by solving practice-oriented tasks. The educational course «Physics» has a special practical benefit when using such integration. The paper presents an example of a practice-oriented task that implements the principle of interdisciplinary integration. In the proposed problem, the content part is related to the course of general physics, mathematics provides the process of building a model and solving the problem in the language of the model. The following points are given: the statement of the problem, recommendations for the solution, the main characteristics of the problem and its solutions. The evaluation of the results obtained in the task and the choice of the most optimal solution contribute to the improvement of financial literacy and positive financial behavior. The task in question illustrates that solving physical problems associated with a certain kind of economic situations is a necessary condition for personal financial well-being. The results of the study can be used in the educational process of higher education organizations.

The paper identifies the place of the problem of personality-oriented education in modern scientific discourse and substantiates the importance of personality-oriented education as a pedagogical tool for educational process organization at a university that provides an optimal combination of interests of an individual, society and the state in terms of development of a student’s personality as a person and a professional. The multidimensional nature of the problem of a personality-oriented educational process in higher education is shown, an important aspect of which (problem) is the definition of principles of a personality-oriented educational process organization at a university. The meaning of the term «principle» is specified in the context of pedagogical knowledge. The principles of its implementation adequate to the content of personality-oriented education are revealed and it is substantiated that the principles of implementation of personality-oriented education at a general educational institution and a university are not identical and have specific features. The principles of personality-oriented education and the principles of personality-oriented education developed by scientists are given. The possibility of implementing the principle of the transition of values «for oneself» into values «for another» and the principle of the moral and ethical orientation of the educational process at a university is substantiated. The content of these principles is supplemented and their essence is revealed as the principles of organizing a personality-oriented educational process in higher education. The essence of the principle of the transition of values «for oneself» into the value «for another» lies in the teacher’s orientation both to the actualization in their own value sphere of consciousness of values based on the corresponding concepts of morality, their implementation in the educational process, and to the development of the concepts of morality among students, which, directing his thought to another person, including the teacher, to his acceptance, to the recognition of his dignity, etc., and being endowed with meaning, take on the meaning of values moving in the space of relations between the teacher and a student. The essence of the principle of the moral and ethical orientation of the educational process lies in the orientation of the teacher to the development of the concepts of morality, through the prism of which he perceives and interprets pedagogical situations that arise in interaction with students who direct the teacher’s thinking to search for values that unite him and students when achieving goals and are the criteria for the implementation of the teacher's reflection of pedagogical situations that arise in the educational process of the university.