Samara Journal of Science

The article presents the results of studies on the content and accumulation of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cd, Pb) in soils and fruits of fruit and berry crops in household plots. Actual concentrations of heavy metals in soil and plant samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. It was found that the amount of mobile ions of heavy metals in soils did not exceed the maximum permissible levels, with the exception of Zn and Mn, which are priority metals that accumulate to a greater extent in the soils of the study area. Data analysis showed that the content of Cu (6,5–9,8 times), Zn (6,8–23 times), Fe (4,2–11,7 times), Ni (48–72 times) in fruits grown in garden plots exceeded the maximum permissible concentrations in all crops we studied. The highest amount of Cd and Pb exceeding the MAC values were found in red currant and gooseberry fruits. Cobalt concentrations exceeded the norm in the edible part of all studied fruit and berry crops, with the exception of raspberry. It was found that by the intensity of absorption, heavy metals in the fruits of woody and shrubby vegetation decreased in the following series: Fe → Ni → Pb → Cu → Co → Cd → Zn → Mn. Calculations of biogeochemical activity showed that the fruits of Prunus cerasus had the highest metal-accumulating capacity, and the lowest – Ribes uva-crispa.

In conditions of climate change and increasing anthropogenic pressure, aquatic ecosystems are undergoing transformation. This is reflected in the structure of their biocoenoses, including the vegetation of coastal ecotones. Ecology-biological groupings were identified: elementary synusiae, established on the basis of the dominance index, taking into account the indicators of above-ground phytomass and occurrence of species, and groups of elementary synusiae (unions), combining elementary synusiae of one or similar biomorphs. The ecological conditions of habitats were assessed by phytoindication scales of D.N. Tsyganov. The most widespread union on the shallowing band is the union of herbaceous monocarpics, which is formed by Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) S.F. Gray, Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq., Potentilla norvegica L., P. supina L. The second union of herbaceous polycarpics is formed by Stellaria bungeana Fenzl. The dominant species are explerents that realize their life strategies by different methods of reproduction. Effective seed propagation and ecological plasticity of species that form a union of herbaceous monocarpics give them advantage in habitat expantion over the union of herbaceous polycarpics, which reproduces mainly vegetatively. The study of the ecological and biological structure allows to assess the contribution of individual species to the productivity of coastal communities, as well as to predict their participation in the formation of the trophic status of the waterbody.

This article analyzes the current state of knowledge of the complex of Central European green frogs in the Upper Volga basin. In addition, a summary of the results of herpetological studies, characteristics and distribution features of the Pelophylax esculentus complex population systems in the Volga region are presented. The batrachocomplexes of the Middle and Lower Volga regions turned out to be the most studied, while the northwestern and northern parts of the Volga basin remain poorly explored. The results of molecular genetic analysis of the verification of Pelophylax esculentus complex species in the Upper Volga region confirmed the presence of P. lessonae and P. ridibundus species. The presence of a cryptic species of marsh frog (P. cf. bedriagae) was also revealed on the southern coast of the Rybinsk Reservoir. This fact indicates the existence of population systems of RL-type green frogs in the studied territories and also expands the zone of sympatry and the probability of hybridization of the «western» and «eastern» forms of the lake frog in the Volga region to 58° N. The obtained data can serve as a basis for understanding the biological characteristics of the Pelophylax esculentus complex, as well as for deepen and detail the evolutionary and genetic processes in peripheral populations.

The Eneolithic era is represented by the highest level of technology for the making of stone tools. This is most clearly manifested in the cultures of the forest belt. The history of studying the forest-steppe and steppe spaces of the Volga region is shorter. Therefore, the source base for studying the characteristic and unique features of stone industries is less representative. Thus, over the last quarter of a century, only two sites containing materials from the period of interest have been studied in the Middle Posurye. This does not contribute to a final solution to a whole range of issues. One of the most complex is the aspect associated with the interpretation of the stone inventory of the Khvalynsk Eneolithic culture. If the belonging of tools made on large blanks to it does not cause lively debates among specialists, then the presence of microliths remains debatable. Their attribution to the Mesolithic period was not excluded. To develop this issue, the authors analyzed all available artifacts at the main Eneolithic sites on the border of forest-steppe and forest. The raw materials for the making of various categories of tools, their typological and metric indicators were taken into account. A comparison was made with the Mesolithic complexes of this region. In order to consider this issue on a broad territorial background, an analysis of the stone inventory of the Khvalynsk sites of both the semi-desert Northern Caspian and the steppe Volga region was carried out. The inserts were compared with similar products in the forest-steppe Volga region, Mariupol antiquities and materials of the Shibir type of Mangyshlak. As a result, the authors came to the conclusion that the inserts belonged to the Eneolithic industries both in the Middle Posurye and on a larger territory.

This article describes the model of the jury trial according to the Judicial Statutes of 1864. The aim of the author was to compare the trial by jury in the Russian Empire with the Anglo-Saxon and continental models of the trial by jury, to identify the features of the criminal process involving jurors in the Russian Empire. Special attention is paid to such features of judicial investigation as the adversarial and investigative approach in criminal proceedings, the role of the presiding judge in the consideration of the case in court, the study of the defendant's personality in the framework of criminal proceedings, and the verdict by the jury. A study of the differences between jury trials in the Anglo-Saxon and continental systems shows that the judicial system of the Russian Empire cannot be unambiguously attributed to either of these two systems. In the article, the author proves that after analyzing the origin, legal norms and practice of jury trials in different European countries, the creators of Judicial Reform have developed a unique model of this institution. Her approach corresponded to the Russian way of life, although it embodied the basic principles of bourgeois law: the independence of the court, equality of all before the court, public participation in the administration of justice, oral and transparent process.

The article is the analysis of historical events related to the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire and its consequences for Armenian refugees in the North Caucasus, as evidenced by numerous archival materials and eyewitness accounts. The main idea of the text is to describe the humanitarian efforts made by Armenian communities in regions such as Maykop to help victims of the genocide, as well as the difficulties faced by refugees in their new place of residence. The structure of the article is divided into several key sections, each of which highlights different aspects of this tragedy. The first part examines the historical context of the Armenian Genocide, which began in the 1890s, and its three stages up to 1923, when about 1,5 million Armenians and other ethnic minorities were killed. Further, the focus is on the migration of refugees to the North Caucasus and the creation of charitable organizations that supported their activities. The role of these organizations in providing clothing, shoes and food to the refugees is highlighted, highlighting the solidarity of local residents who also made donations. Special attention is paid to the cultural life of the Armenian community in Armenia. Maykop, its activity in organizing charity events. The article also describes in detail the need for registration and assistance to refugees by local authorities. Examples of appeals of citizens deprived of their rights and means of livelihood are given, demonstrating the severity of their situation. In parallel with the coverage of the tragedy, the article also includes topics related to political changes in Russia after the 1917 revolution, when many charitable initiatives were stopped, and the church came under persecution. Thus, the text highlights both the horrific consequences of the Armenian Genocide and the heroism and resistance of the refugees who have been fighting for their existence for centuries. The article serves as an important reminder of the human tragedies associated with the war and the need to preserve the historical memory of events such as the Armenian Genocide.

The article examines the problem of forming the value attitude of cadets of the departmental higher education institution of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia to a person as an important area of moral education of future employees of the penal system (PUS). The possibility of using the task-based approach to introduce cadets to the values that form the content of the motivational and evaluative component of the value attitude to a person and the purpose of the task-based approach, which consists in ensuring the development and formation of cadets' value orientations through their involvement in activities to solve problems with value content, in which cadets find personal meaning – tasks to present a value and tasks to identify a value, are substantiated. The article proposes stages of work with tasks aimed at mastering such values by cadets as goodness, trust, duty, dignity, mercy, responsibility, benefit, conscience, justice, tolerance, respect for another person, honor: 1) analysis of the composition of the task, 2) awareness of the contradiction present in the task and formulation of the problem on its basis, 3) definition of a plan for solving the problem, 4) implementation of the solution, 5) reflection. Examples of the implementation of the task-based approach in the educational process of the departmental university of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia in classes on the academic discipline «Penitentiary Pedagogy and Psychology» are given, demonstrating its effectiveness in forming the value attitude of cadets to a person.

This article is devoted to the peculiarities of the formation of the civic position of schoolchildren by means of local history materials in English. By learning the history, culture and traditions of their region, students develop a sense of belonging and responsibility to their community. In addition, local history helps to preserve and popularize the heritage of the small homeland, contributing to a deeper understanding of the past and present life of the region. Incorporating local history into the curriculum not only broadens students' knowledge, but also develops critical thinking, tolerance and civic engagement. When young people learn about the history and achievements of their ancestors, they are more likely to recognize the importance of being actively involved in shaping the future of their community. By studying the region, students can also learn valuable lessons about environmental conservation, social justice and community development. By studying the unique features of their region, children develop a sense of pride in their cultural heritage, and motivation to contribute as much as possible to its preservation and development. As a result, in the modern educational environment, one of the most important goals is the formation of the civic position of schoolchildren. The authors of the article offer a fragment from the author's program developed for students of the 8th grade of a comprehensive school. The program offers a set of tasks based on local history material about famous personalities of the Samara province who were born or lived in the region in the late 20th and early 21st centuries; as well as iconic geographical locations of the Samara Region. The article presents material for lessons in the framework of extracurricular activities or for independent work of students of general educational organizations. By completing the study of each Module, the authors propose the creation of creative and design works.

This article examines the implementation of the educational potential of the Lean Manufacturing discipline taught at the Department of Innovation in Chemical Engineering of the Kazan National Research Technological University. The course is aimed at first-year master's students studying in the field 18.04.01 – Chemical Technology. The authors present the concept of teaching, goals and objectives to be solved as part of the study of the discipline. The educational function, which is aimed at forming the professional orientation of the student, is considered. One aspect of teaching is related to the implementation of the educational potential of the discipline. It is indicated that when developing a discipline program considering its educational potential, teachers are guided by a number of principles, each of which is considered in detail. Particular attention is paid to the competencies that students develop in the process of studying the discipline Lean Manufacturing, such as critical thinking, the ability to work in a team, analytical thinking, and the formation of an attitude towards the chosen profession. The article emphasizes the importance of integrating theoretical knowledge with practical skills. This is achieved through the participation of students in the Lean Flow and Lean Office simulation laboratories. The laboratories fully recreate the production and office processes of the enterprise, allowing students to solve real production problems. At the same time, students develop a responsible attitude towards work and social responsibility. Studying the discipline Lean Manufacturing allows you to prepare competitive specialists with leadership qualities that are relevant in the production field and capable of making clear decisions.

Before the 20th century, training in music composition used historically formed rules, methods and techniques requiring fundamental music education. Substantial changes in musical art at the turn of the 20th century initiated searches for new music composition forms using engineering modelling methods based on advanced technologies. Reviewing the path along which musical art moved in the 20th and the first quarter of the 21st centuries, the authors attempt to analyse the character of the modern composer's education today. This paper proposes a linear approach to this phenomenon to trace all stages in the development of modern art, from simple numerical calculations to the use of neural networks for music composition. Increasingly popular composition techniques, employing computers instead of humans, have sparked a dilemma for music composition training, which requires making a choice between traditional professional education and music engineering. Although the above problems can only be solved with time, this research work allows the hope that composition methods, despite the increasingly heavy use of computer technology, will not turn into uncreative generation of tones by preset algorithms, which would inevitably result in the lack of any sparks of inspiration that fill the music with aesthetics and emotions.