Vol 7, No 3 (2018)

The article shows the results concerning the problem of the influence of the hormonal composition of the medium on callus induction in isolated from different explants of Egyptian henbane areas (on the example of Hyoscyamus muticus L.). The authors study 11 variants of Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with different concentrations and combination of auxins and cytokinins. It was important to find nutrient medium modification of Murashige and Skoog for callus induction. The article describes the fact that callus formation from different explant types of Hyoscyamus muticus L. in vitro was observed on Murashige and Skoog medium fortified with benzylaminopurine and naphthylacetic acid. It shows that the maximum callus induction was observed from root explants on Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l of benzylaminopurine and 1.0 mg/l of naphthylacetic acid. And minimal callus formation was observed in the area with benzylaminopurine. Callus induction of leaf and stem explants both on the hormone-free nutrient medium and with the benzylaminopurine only was not observed. Thus, the results show that the frequency of callus formation with culturing root segment is higher compared to leaf and stem segment explants (on the example of Egyptian henbane in culture in vitro). This work aims to inducing callus formation from various explants of Egyptian henbane, which can be used for plant regeneration or as a source for in vitro production of secondary metabolites.

Mercury (Hg) and its compounds are considered as one of the ten major dangerous groups of chemicals. The content of mercury in the coat was 136 cats and 113 dogs in the territory of the Vologda Region in Cherepovets. The total mercury concentration in the wool samples was measured on a mercury analyzer RA-915 +. The values of the mercury index in cats range from less than 0,001 mg / kg to 13,00 mg / kg, in dogs from less than 0,001 mg / kg to 1,858 mg / kg. Statistical difference in the content of mercury in wool between cats and dogs was revealed. The Hg content in cats is 3,5 times higher than the dogs have. Comparison analysis showed the concentration of mercury in the wool of cats and dogs have no statistically significant differences. The authors noted that cats had 4 times more mercury who ate fish. The average content of Hg in the wool of dogs is slightly different for those who ate fish.

The paper is devoted to ecological monitoring and system analysis of the Volgograd Region (the Sudomoyka Erik) reservoir. Environmental monitoring was conducted from March 2017 to February 2018. The set of studies included: determination of water organoleptic characteristics, the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water, pH value, a dry residue and bioindication. The authors note microorganism number increase: Synedra, Spirogyra, Mougeotia in July and September 2017 and in February 2018 which are biological indicators of water quality. The presence of a high number of microorganisms-bioindicators testifies to the supersaturation of water with oxygen and the formation of organic substances. The authors found an increase in salinity of water in March, July and December 2017, February 2018. In winter in the water of the Sudomoyka Erik the authors found large amounts of mucus, eggs of various insects, organic dirt, which indicates the water pollution in the winter. Water quality in the Sudomoyka Erik is unsatisfactory, the Eric is classified as a slightly polluted body of water. The Sudomoyka Erik cannot be used for domestic purposes by residents of nearby settlements and is unfavorable for swimming in summer. The ecological state of the Sudomoyka Erik determines the ecological state of the entire natural complex of the Volga-Ahtubinsky floodplain

The paper presents the investigation data of 6 cut-over peat lands in central area of Kirov Region (on the example of Zuev, Orichev, Slobod, Kirov and Chepez areas). The authors found the new locations of 10 rare plant species enlisted in the regional Red Book and species that have limited distribution in a region or have narrow ecological range (Gymnadenia conopsea, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Epipactis helleborine, Epipactis atrorubens, Platanthera bifolia, Trichophorum alpinum, Botrychium multifidum, Dryopteris cristata, Thelipteris palustris, Huperzia selago). They also describe the process of phytocoenoses. The study shows the development of new typical boggy plant societies as a result of secondary bogging (on the example of Trichophorum alpinum, Drosera rotundifolia, Carex nigra, Eriophorum vaginatum, Parnassia palustris). The paper estimates the state of rare species populations. The authors analyze the ability of the species to inhabit artificial landscapes and anthropogenically modified phytocoenoses. That shows an explerent component of ecological-phytocoenotic strategy. Secondary boggy landscapes can play the role of refugiums for the species which habitats were lost due to industrial impact.

Authors provide materials in article revealing recreational potential of Samara suburban forests and use S.L. Rysin's technique, which considers a sanitary condition of the woods, extent of recreational transformation and esthetic importance of forest plantings in article. Researchers counted coefficients of appeal, comfort and stability of forest communities for carrying out complex assessment. On their basis authors judge quality of the surveyed forests. They have obtained materials of vital state are submitted and values of water penetration of the soil. This indicator of recreational disturbance is important for forest communities. For this reason, researchers considered different in degree of a recreational digression. Researchers have conducted a research and have revealed that appeal and comfort high and stability is average in Samara suburban forests. Therefore, experts have to hold complex of actions, which improve a condition of forest plantings and increasing their stability in the conditions of anthropogenic loading. These materials allow defining condition of Samara suburban forests and their suitability for use in the recreational and tourist purposes.

The article describes the taxonomic composition and photobionts localization specificities in above-ground lichens of the genus Cladonia. Moreover it analyzes the amount and algal species in thallus homogenates due to their age: in zones of active growth, aging zone and destruction zone; alga cells in washings from surface of thalli. Also the article analyzes the influence of the mycobiont on the photobiont species and abundance of the photobiont. It gives the comparison analysis of these data in lichens in the north taiga zone (Murmansk Region) and steppe zone (on the example of Orenburg Region). The method of direct microscopy helped to determine the taxonomic affiliation of the photobionts to the genus. Here the authors mean the size, shape of the cells, the nature of the chromatophore, etc. The number of photobionts in samples was studied both by light microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. The paper presents the comparison results of the amount and algae diversity in in the thalli of the above-ground lichens of the genus Cladonia due to their geographical location and the specificity of the age dynamics of the podecium. The research shows the fact that Asterochloris alga was the dominant group in the actively growing lichen podecia. However geographical location is not important. Chlorella, Stichococcus, Pseudococcomyxa were found in lichens algae. The authors believe that the new information about the changes in the taxonomic composition of algae, due to the age of the thallus is important for science. Pseudococcomyxa algae dominated in the old parts of the north taiga lichens and Stichococcus dominated in the steppe areas. Moreover the authors give the attempt of resynthesize lichen tallium from previously isolated cultures of the mycobiotic and photobiont. This attempt was unsuccessful at the period of the research work.

As a result of Amygdalus nana plant flowers structure study, when introduced in the middle taiga subzone of the Komi Republic, its conformity to the species features of the plant is shown. The authors also note teratological changes, expressed in the abnormal development of sterile or fertile flower structures. The number of petals increases, their edges become wavy; stamens transform into petals, there is pistil underdevelopment, etc. The life cycle of A. nana flowers was traced in the conditions of the North, the duration of the phases of their development was determined (Phase I – «dense green bud», II phase of «pink bud», III phase – «beginning of blossoming flower», IV phase – «full blossoming of the flower» and V phase – «fading»). The features of the fruiting process of A. nana are shown, where degeneration of fertilized ovules is noted, which is due to the possible violation of different stages of embryogenesis. In this case, a significant number of anomalies in the fertile parts of the flower, possibly, lead to a small number of fruits on plants. The analysis of the A. nana flower structure in the middle taiga subzone of the Komi Republic gives additional information on the intraspecific changes in the reproductive structures of this plant; the results obtained can serve as additional information for establishing anthocological differences within the taxon.

The article presents the results of the main general technical, physical and chemical, microbiological and biochemical properties of the oligotrophic bog (Tomsk Region). It shows that peat oligotrophic bog belong to low-ash (2,3–10,9%), high – acid (2,2–3,6 units of pH), with the degree of decomposition – 20–50%. The authors find that the concentration of ammonium nitrogen increases with depth, and nitrate – decreases. The largest accumulation of mobile connections of phosphorus observed in the upper layer of peat deposits (11,20 mg/100 g dry peat). The maximum population of bacterial was concentrated in the upper layers of the deposit (20,6–22,4 billion cells/g). Spores, mycelium was detected in the fungal biomass only to a depth of 175 cm. The correlation analysis showed a direct relationship of fungal mycelium from the readily hydrolyzable substance (r = 0,84). Catalase activity varies from 0,99 to 7,32 ml O₂ / g × 2 min in peat bog deposit. The activity of catalase was influenced by the botanical composition The activity of polyphenol oxidase varies in the peat deposit from 0,13 to 6,72 mg of 1,4-benzoquinone / g × 30 min, changing unevenly in depth. The limits of peroxidase activity in peat bog were 0,69–26,19 mg 1,4-benzoquinone/g × 30 min.

Mogutova mountain flora (Zhiguli hill, Samara Region) has about 700 species of vascular plants, 14 species are included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation (2008), 50 species are included in the Red Book of the Samara Region (2017), 7 species are the endemics of the Zhiguli hills. On the Mogutova mountain 48 plant associations were described: 36 associations are represented by forest vegetation, 1 Association is represented by shrubs, 11 associations are represented by herbaceous vegetation. In eight described associations there are 6 endemic species of the Zhiguli hills: in Cerasus fruticosa + Caragana frutex association one endemic species is found – Euphorbia zhiguliensis; in Stipa pennata – Caragana frutex association there are 3 endemics – Cerastium zhigulense, Gypsophila juzepczukii and Thymus zheguliensis; in Stipa capillata + Herbae stepposae and Stipa capillata + Echinops ruthenicus associations there is only Thymus zheguliensis; in Herbae stepposae + Stipa pulcherrima and Stipa pennata + Helianthemum nummularium associations there are 2 endemic species – Gypsophila juzepczukii and Thymus zheguliensis; in Thymus zheguliensis association there are 4 endemics – Cerastium zhigulense, Gypsophila juzepczukii, Sisymbrium pinnatisectum, Thymus zheguliensis; in Schevereckia hyperborea association Poa saksonovii is revealed. The endemics of the Zhiguli hills: Euphorbia zhiguliensis and Thymus zheguliensis are protected at the Federal level, and Cerastium zhigulense, Gypsophila juzepczukii and Poa saksonovii are protected at the regional level.

The article analyzes the features of the composition and distribution of communities of different types of birds in agricultural landscapes (agrolandscapes, agricultural land and farmland) of forest and steppe zone in Tula Region. The author of the paper shows the materials and methods of study, research techniques and the results of work for several years. Moreover the author shows the results of information data of long-period research which help to see a wide diversity of birds (biological diversity) of the avifauna of agricultural landscapes. The article discusses the differences of aviafauna (on the example of different types of landscapes and the degree of transformation of the territory) which determine the necessity for further reseraches in Tula Region. To do it, it is important to analyze the results of researches of different authors concerning the situation in other surrounding regions. The author believes it will help to compare the fauna diversity and identify the reasons of diversity. The results of work are important for further reseraches concerning the monitoring of local avifauna of different agricultural landscapes in Tula Region and surrounding regions. Moreover it will help to create the new special lists, bird atlases, Red book, and documentation.

Rapid development of an oil and gas industry in the north of Western Siberia in the middle of the 20th century has demanded a significant amount of the electric power. This strategic task was carried out step by step in the neighborhood of Surgut (the largest oil and gas industry center on the Middle Priobye). Two gas-fired power stations have been consistently constructed. The integrated reservoir cooler has been built on the river Chernaya for cooling of circulating water in the system of reverse water supply of power plants. The article presents the assessment of consequences of flooding at construction of the Surgut reservoir. The total area of the water area of a reservoir is 2211 hectares, including 50% of forest, 20% of meadow, 5% of peat bog communities were under flooding. The authors of the paper develop the basic ecological map of the reservoir and neighborhood with the indication of natural and technogenic objects. Moreover they give the results of two years' monitoring of microbial community structure in the coastal zone of the reservoir cooler. They find it is important to provide the assessment of intensity of self-cleaning processes of the water object and analyze the sources of anthropogenic load on the water object. The microbiological methods which important to use for bio indication of an ecological condition of the Surgut reservoir have allowed to estimate the trophic status, to reveal ecologically unsuccessful sites of the water area, and to define intensity of self-cleaning processes in the water body.

September 10, 2018 marks the 100^th anniversary of the birth of Tatyana Dmitrievna Belanovskaya (1918–2010) – who was one of the first graduates of Archaeology Department of Leningrad State University. She graduated from the University in 1941 and completed postgraduate studies at Archaeology Department in 1948. From 1948 until 1988 T.D. Belanovskaya taught at the same Department. The most important courses made by her were «Prehistory and the basics of ethnography», «The Basics of Archeology», as well as special courses on Neolithic, Eneolithic and numerous regional courses in archeology of Western, Central and Eastern Europe. 52 master theses were written under the guidance of T.D. Belanovskaya; many of the graduates defended doctoral dissertations. Thanks to her educational activity, recent studying of Neolithic was formed in Russia and the countries of the former Soviet Union. Tatiana Dmitrievna conducted long-term field studies of the settlement of Rakushechny Yar – the unique multilayer site which includes Neolithic and Eneolithic materials. The stratigraphy of the site is a kind of reference standard for the territory of the South of Eastern Europe while the studying of the oldest pottery from the lower layers allows ones to solve the problem of neolithization of the region. The paper includes excerpts from the interview with Tatyana Dmitrievna Belanovskaya and memoirs of her students graduated from Archaeology Department of Leningrad State University in the 1960s and now working at the Department.

The article gives the results on the problem of pottery technology usage in the population which left a multilayered stratified settlement of the neo-Eneolithic Age of Rakushechny Yar. It is located on the island of Porechny in the riverbed of the Don river, which is near Razdorskaya village of Rostov Region in Russian Federation. This research is a long-term study concerning the problem of ancient pottery technology usage in Eastern European territory of Russia. The author found it is important to use both the historical and cultural approach and the method of A.A. Bobrinskiy. This method includes binocular microscopy, tracology and physical modeling experiment. The authors studied 294 samples of ceramics (separate vessels approximately) in Rakushechny Yar. Thus, the article describes the techniques and methods for selecting plastic raw materials, composing molding masses, making vessels, giving a general description of the Lower Don region Early Neolithic pottery. Moreover the author uses the comparative analysis to describe the new knowledge and give more information on the problem concerning the pottery technology usage in these regions. The author gives similar and different specific features of the neolithization process in the Don and the Volga regions as well as the questions concerning the origin and the development of early Neolithic pottery traditions in south steppe zone of the Eastern Europe.

The paper contains the study results of the settlement Rakushechny Yar fauna from the excavations of 2013–2017. It is a reference site for this region, because it has a unique stratigraphy. It was possible to determine 201 bones of mammals, birds and turtles at the early Neolithic layers of Rakushechny Yar. The fish remains at the settlement are numerous, but have not been investigated. The large ungulates were of the greatest importance here for the hunting. The largest number of the bones belongs to the red deer. Cutting the carcasses of this animal occurred at the settlement. It should be noted that the horse is represented by a wild form here. An important event was the appearance of domestic cows, sheep and pigs in this region. As a result of the analysis of the available osteological material we can confidently state that the process of domestication of these species passed long before the arrival of the settlers on the Don River. The Early Neolithic population in the Northern Black Sea Region, from our point of view, was heterogeneous in terms of material culture and, probably, the origins of the formation. It is possible that this is the reason for the difference in economic activity of people in that territory.

The paper considers the influence of Rakushechny Yar settlement research on ideas about the Middle Don Neolithic. Traditionally, the Lower Don Region was considered as one of the centers of the Middle Don Neolithic culture. The paper contains a comparison of the stone and ceramic inventory of the Rakushechny Yar with the materials of the Middle Don Culture sites. There are common features: stone inventory lamellar with a small number of geometric forms, acute vascularity, the use of pointed ornamentation, technological methods of vessel surface processing. At the same time, a large number of differences in the comparison of Early Neolithic materials of the Lower and Middle Don allow one to conclude that there is no genetic connection between the Middle Don and Rakushechny Yar cultures. In addition, the paper presents the study of the Cherkasskaya 5 site, its materials precede the Srednodonsk in chronological order and have many similarities with the finds from the lower layers of Rakushechny Yar settlement. Thus, the stone inventory of Cherkasskaya 5 is plate, geometric microliths are not found.

Features of the flood plain settlements of the river Don watershed and its tributaries is the fact that almost all of them are multi-layered. Until recently it was not possible to talk about the Early Neolithic stone industry of the Upper Don. All conclusions about Early Neolithic material culture in this territory were done by A.T. Sinyuk, based on the Middle-Don site. He described tool industry as blade technique. The paper mentions the most important sites and gives a review of Early Neolithic stone industry of the Upper Don. Nowadays there are materials of the 4 Early Neolithic cultures on the Upper Don territory: Middle-Don (72 sites), Karamyshevo (26 sites), Upper-Volga (4 sites) and Elshanskaya (4 sites) cultures. The earliest materials in the research area date VI mill. cal BC. The data on the stone industries of the Elshanskaya and Upper-Volga cultures in the Upper Don are absent. There are stone collections, which could be connected only with the Middle-Don and Karamyshevo Early Neolithic cultures. This industry could be described as flake technique.

Geometric microliths are inherent in almost all the Mesolithic and Neolithic monuments in the Lower Volga Region. For the sites of the territory they play a key role. With the help of this type of tools, it is possible to determine the cultural affiliation and chronological position of the studied monuments. In this paper we mainly consider the Neolithic sites on the territory of the Lower Volga and Lower Donets, which have geometric microliths in stone implements. Most of these monuments have a fairly stable series of tools of a geometric type, which makes it possible to compare them among themselves and draw parallels. The results of radiocarbon dating for Neolithic monuments of the Lower Volga and Lower Donets are presented. There is a typological comparison of these sites. The paper discusses similarities and differences, as well as possible contacts, or the lack of population on the two territories – the Lower Volga and the Lower Donets. The author comes to the conclusion that based on the analysis of geometric microliths it is not possible to trace a significant connection between the population of the Lower Volga and the Lower Donets. In the development of the flint industries of these regions there are more differences than similarities.

The following paper deals with origins of the pottery traditions in the early Neolithic European North of Russia. At present there is a prevailing scheme of ornamental styles development stages in the Early Neolithic antiquities forest zone of the European part of Russia – from pinned-point/without ornament to the later ornamental comb tradition. Among the series of dates taken as a chronological frame for the Neolithic forest belt around 7000 years ago, there are deeper/ancient definitions for pricked fragments, as well as vessels with comb-style ornamentation. The paper presents technical and technological analysis of the ceramic complex of monuments in Berezovaya Slobodka in Nyuksensky district and monuments in Tudozere and Kemozere in Vytegra district.

In the paper the author summarized and systematized the initial data on ceramic ware of the Neolithic and Eneolithic of the Extreme north-east of Europe. He analyzed information about the archaeological contexts of ceramics, its quantitative (number of capacities in each complex) and qualitative (shape, proportionality and volume of vessels) characteristics. Critical analysis is used to assess the possibilities of available materials to extract information. As a result, the dynamics of quantitative and qualitative parameters of ceramic ware during the VI – first half of II millennium BC was traced. Its cultural and chronological features are determined as well. It is established that in the first half of the V millennium BC ceramics in the form of sets of vessels of different volumes and kinds becomes an integral part of the daily life of the hunters of the region. According to their lifestyle, the demand for ceramics was limited: the average number of simultaneously used vessels on average 3–4 containers per context. In this case, the simplest forms (round-bottomed pots with volumes up to 25 liters and bowl-shaped dishes up to 2,5 liters) predominate. Ceramic traditions presented in the region are associated with cultures that originate in different adjacent areas of the forest zone of Eastern Europe and Western Siberia, so the universality of the customary forms, volumes and, probably, the ways of using ceramic dishes, is universally accepted. The data obtained can be used as materials for the development of the problem of the distribution of early ceramics, for assessing the role and determining the place of it in the material culture of the prehistoric population.

Morphological analysis of the ceramics of Novosobvodnenskaya culture has not been carried out so far. In this paper, 19 fragments of vessels from the burials of the burial mound «Klady» were analyzed. As a result, it was found that the composition of the clay mass used in the manufacture of ceramics was very diverse – as whole types of clays – limestone, montmorilinite, hydromica, and in their various combinations – six more variants. Almost half of the vessels (nine) were made of limestone and montmorilinite clays. The composition of impurities is also diverse: sand, chamotte, limestone and grime in various mixed versions. The last few were fragments without impurities, only four. Vessels were subjected to both oxidative roasting and reducing. Only three specimens were subjected to combined, oxidation-reduction firing. A comparative analysis of Maikop and Novosvobodnensk ceramics is carried out. Thus, this method of investigation of ceramics showed that the carriers of the Novosobvodnenskaya culture had a great experience of ceramic production, which enabled them to use a wide range of clays, in their various combinations and methods of roasting in the manufacture of ceramics.

The following paper considers important characteristics of classical ceramic collection from the dwelling-workshop situated in the metallurgical settlement Taldysay. The workshop had one period of settlement and belongs to the Petrov archeological culture (the type of the monument is Nurtai for Central Kazakhstan). In previous years of the research, we made attempts to determine the cultural affiliation of the thermal engineering structures on the basis of ceramic material that constitutes ground and mine types in dwelling and production complexes that functioned in different chronological periods and contained various cultural materials. Due to the fact that the collection is quite limited, the present publication consists of the preliminary analysis of the artifacts and includes systematization of the accumulated ceramic materials from the settlement. From 100 fragments, only 41 specimens were selected for the further analysis, and 35 of which were found directly in the heat engineering facilities and near them. Importantly, even now we can conclude that the ceramic material proves that the thermal engineering structures of ground and mines types in a single-layer dwelling-workshop belong to the monuments of Petrov archeological culture of Nurtai type. Finally, the considered collection determines the start of the metal production on the territory of Central Kazakhstan by the first half of the second millennium BC.

This article deals with equestrian ammunition items found near the burial mound of the 21 Filipovka I burial ground in the Orenburg region in order to establish the time of construction of this burial mound. The burial mound Filippovka I was a necropolis of the social elite of nomads who inhabited the steppes of the Southern Urals in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. The richness of the funerary inventory and the complexity of the ritual actions performed during the erection of the burial mounds make it possible to study many aspects of the history and culture of these tribes. This determines the importance of a comprehensive study of the materials of this burial ground. Equipping a horse includes four bronze objects: two bridle plaques, check-piece and headband decoration bridle were found around the barrow 21 Filippovka I burial ground. Some of these items have close analogies among the details of equine ammunition from the Scythian monuments of the Black Sea North Littoral, dated by import items. The analogies that exist among the Scythian antiquities allow us to date the burial mound of the burial ground of Filippovka I during the time of the 4th century BC. The presence of such things as a headband in the form of a griffin head and a bridle plaque in the form of a wolf's head fixes the existence of the cultural interaction of nomads who left the burial ground of Filippovka I with the western Scythian world of the Northern Black Sea Coast.

The article analyzes the history of two steppe reserves in the territory of the Southern Urals (Orenburg region nowadays). The first one was established by A.N. Karamzin in private grounds of Polibino, in Buguruslan Uyezd of Samara Region (Gubernia), in 19–20th centuries. Its area was 650 hectares, while its location, period of its existence, as well as the scientific and practical activities remained unknown. Flora and fauna as well as meteorological observations were conducted in this place. The results of the researches were published by the owner in a number of monographs. In early 1920's this area was totally changed. The second reserve named «Koziavka» was opened in Kurmanaevsky District of the Middle Volga Region by I. Sprygin, with the help of the director of Penza State Reserve that existed from 1930 to 1935. It was a significant area of virgin steppe and long-term fallow land with rich steppe biodiversity. It was lost during the land transfer reform - from the Middle Volga Region to Orenburg Oblast. Similar reseraches have a practical significance. That will help to design and find these sites with further transformation into specially protected natural areas, as well as to determine the conservation status of previously existing reserves.

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature devoted to the problem of preschoolers’ readiness for social orientation. The author examines the key concepts of the study: «socialization», «social orientation», «readiness», «readiness for social and domestic orientation» and «readiness for social and domestic orientation with regard to preschoolers». The paper characterizes preschool age as a sensitive period of social and household orientation readiness development. The paper describes main neoplasms of age, social situation of development, as well as specificity of the leading activity. The author considers the concept of «readiness structure». The paper also presents main structural components of readiness for social orientation in relation to preschool age: personal, cognitive and activity. The paper reveals the components of readiness for social orientation of preschoolers and characterizes the essence of each component. The personal component of readiness for social and domestic orientation of preschoolers includes: value orientation, motivation, emotional well-being, qualities that characterize the properties of the individual. Cognitive component of readiness for social orientation of preschoolers is represented by primary ideas about the natural and social world, primary mathematical concepts, primary socio-cultural ideas and primary ideas about social and domestic activities. The activity component of readiness for social and household orientation of preschoolers is characterized by general intellectual, general labor, social and household, communicative skills.

The article analyzes the importance of a future teacher‘s morality development. The author finds it is necessary to show that the idea of «selecting the strongest, best, thoroughbred, domination of some people over others» generates a crooked memory, and the idea of «brotherhood of people, the dignity and value of each person» generates a moral memory. Moreover the author gives a methodological basis for morality development and believes that it is necessary to distinguish two interrelated and self-independent sides (consciousness side and behavioral side). As well he reveals the role of moral knowledge in the education of virtues. The article analyses both the ideas of Socrates about the connection between knowledge and virtue and Aristotle's ideas about the impossibility of equating virtue with knowledge. It shows that ethnical knowledge is the key factor to virtue development. It reveals that it is a good life if we use the golden rule of morality. Moreover it shows that the process of golden rule of morality is important to students’ virtue development. The article gives the role of functions of morality. It proves that the attitude is the connecting mechanism between the moral consciousness and the moral behavior. The author finds it is important to find the new methods to teach morality. As well they aim to help to see the interconnections between morality sides. Moreover these methods will help to provide both relative self-reliance and the sides’ connections concerning the consciousness and morality behavior side.

In our modern world mobile devices play an important role in the learning process and provide more opportunities for access to educational resources. The use of mobile devices in the learning process is a promising direction that attracts researchers all over the world. Although mobile devices are widely used and they are accessible means of studying, they are still not perceived as means of foreign language learning. The use of mobile technologies will make it possible not only to induce the learning process visibility, divisiveness and interaction, but also to improve the quality of education, and to expand the possibilities for both students and teachers. The paper presents a systematic review of resources on the problem of mobile assisted language learning. The results of the research have shown that this method is widely used by researchers in Scandinavian countries. The classification has been made on the basis of the existing concept of mobile learning. In addition, the paper describes main technical, pedagogical and psychosocial factors which influence the development of modern resources for mobile learning of foreign languages.

The article discusses the problem of speech creative skills development in the process of teaching foreign languages (on the example of the students of pedagogical departments in pedagogical universities). Thus, it analyzes the creative activity and the process of creative skills activity development. These skills include receptive and productive skills of reticular activity. The authors consider these skills as an indispensable condition to the development of the secondary language personality of students. Moreover they find it is important to consider creative expression as the key factor to students’ foreign language activity development. The article shows the characteristics of a foreign creative expression, which are taken as a basis for the criteria for assessing students' spoken activity in foreign languages. The principles of teaching foreign-language recitative activity are analyzed. The article presents a complex of special exercises which the teacher can use while teaching a foreign language activity. It includes analytical, reproductive and productive and productive exercises. Analytical exercises are aimed at developing skills in text analysis. Reproductive-productive exercises include exercises which help to specify, to transform and to reconstruct the text. Productive exercises are focused on learners’ skills development to make full creative statements in a foreign language. A teacher can use these exercises both in universities and other educational institutions.

Russia inherited the Soviet system of science and education with its advantages and disadvantages from the Soviet Union period. In recent years it has experienced goals diversification as well as the content of school biological education changes. Primary school aimed propaedeutic of biological knowledge; secondary school aimed the basics of biological sciences development; secondary school at the basic level aimed the culture of knowledge of wildlife, natural-shaped and careful attitude development. The goal of the profile school is to generalize, deepen and expand biological knowledge. Moreover it is important to develop research skills and influence on the process of students’ proorientation in the world of biological professions. The content of biological education focuses on the problems of physical and mental health, healthy lifestyles and ecological literacy development. The authors notice that the construction and structure of the school biology course has changed. The concentric construction of the object makes it complete. A graduate of the basic secondary school receives a relatively complete biological education, which is necessary for his life and further education for professional self-determination. The biology course includes three sections: «Living organisms», «Human and his health» and «General biological regularities». The authors mention that secondary school children have Biology classes one hour less in comparison with the Soviet Union period. Both system-activity and student-centered approaches are the key approaches to teaching biology. They aim the subject results and universal learning activities development (personal, regulatory, communicative and cognitive). Moreover that is important to speak about the key competencies, education and socialization of students, the organization of their extracurricular activities, inclusive education and work with gifted children.