Vol 11, No 1 (2022)

The research activity of Samara State Socio-Pedagogical University in 2021 was determined by the tasks in the field of scientific activity set out in the National Project "Science" and Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 812 dated December 25, 2020 "On holding the Year of Science and Technology in the Russian Federation". The fulfillment of the tasks set out in these documents allowed the scientific and pedagogical staff of SSSPU to achieve important results.

The paper is devoted to the 60^th birthday of Arkadiy Ivanovich Korolev, the dean of the Faculty of History at Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education. It summarizes the results of our collaborative research on the study of monuments from the Neolithic, Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age on the territory of the Western Volga region. These studies began in 1996 during excavations of the Volgapino Eneolithic settlement. During the past years we studied more than a dozen monuments during collaborative expeditions. 20 articles and 2 monographs have been published on the materials of these studies. During these studies the map of Eneolithic monuments distribution in the region was clarified, the periodization and chronology of Volosov and Imerca antiquities was developed, the origin of Imerca culture was established, specific features in the development of Eneolithic groups of the Middle Volga population were revealed, the chronological priority in the development of Eneolithic antiquities of the forest-steppe zone was determined, representative collections of various archaeological materials were received. The long-standing communication with A.I. Korolev has been very useful and productive. During our discussions at conferences and in expeditions common approaches to comprehension and interpretation of archaeological material were developed, which contributed to the effective solution of scientific problems.

The paper analyzes ecological and geochemical features of the moss Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt., growing in artificial pine plantings of the National Park «Buzuluksky Bor» (Orenburg Region) and the Krasnosamarsky Forest (Samara Region). The research has been carried out within the framework of the International Program ICP Vegetation (https://icpvegetation.ceh.ac.uk), on the practical use of some bryophyte species in the environmental monitoring of multi-element air pollution in the countries of Western and Eastern Europe and a number of other countries. In the National Park «Buzuluksky Bor» and the Krasnosamarsky Forest, where species diversity and ecological characteristics of bryophytes have been studied for several years, the phytomass of the moss Pleurozium schreberi has been selected. This species is included in the species list proposed by the organizers of the research work under the UNECE ICP Vegetation Program. A multi-element analysis of Pleurozium schreberi phytomass has been carried out on the basis of the Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna using instrumental epithermal neutron activation analysis (ENAA). The biogeochemical similarity of the moss Pleurozium schreberi from the Krasnosamarsky Forest and «Buzuluksky Bor», estimated by the concentration coefficients, has manifested itself in relation to a large group of heavy metals and metalloids, characterized by a relatively low ability to accumulate in its phytomass (Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Co, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Mo, Cd). Some differences have been revealed in relation to the elements with the maximum accumulation: Cu and Zn in the Krasnosamarsky Forest area, Mn and Ni – in the «Buzuluksky Bor». A relatively low content of most of the analyzed heavy metals and metalloids in the soil of the studied territories as well as in the phytomass of the biomonitor moss Pleurozium schreberi allows us to consider them to be background for the steppe zone of the European part of the Russian Federation.

This paper discusses the features of the heavy metals content in medicinal plant raw materials Cichorium intybus L. in the conditions of the Trans-Ural region of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Variational and statistical indicators of the heavy metals content in soils and plants are calculated. The coefficients of variation of gross and mobile forms of heavy metals in soils are high (above 21%), the exception was the gross form of Fe, which is characterized by low variation (up to 10%). The content of gross forms of heavy metals in soils exceeded the maximum permissible concentrations of Cu (18 times), Zn (13 times), Cd (2 times), Co (1,2 times) in the sample area 2, and Mn (1,2 times) and Cu (2,5 times) in the sample area 3. The content of mobile forms of Fe and Pb in soils did not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations. The samples had an increased level of mobile forms in Cu (39 times), Zn (2,1–4,3 times), Ni (1,12 times), Mn (2,3–2,6 times), Co (1,3–1,5 times), Cd (2,1–5,7 times). The degree of mobility of heavy metals in soils decreases in the series Pb → Co → Cd → Zn → Mn → Cu → Ni → Fe. According to the degree of Zc contamination, the studied soils were classified as permissible (Zc from 0,2 to 5,2), with the exception of sample area 2, which was classified as highly hazardous (Zc up to 48,2). The level of contamination of the soil cover is minimal, and the environmental situation is relatively satisfactory (Zc from 0,2 to 5,2), with the exception of test area 2, where the level of pollution is high and the environmental situation is critical (Zc up to 48,2). Plants of Cichorium intybus L. are contaminated with Ni, Cd, Fe, and concentrations of Pb and Mn in plants did not exceed the maximum permissible levels. The most absorbed elements were Fe (25,7) and Cu (65,4), which belonged to the group of elements of energetic accumulation (accumulation index >10), Ni (8,9), Pb (4,7), Zn (2,2), Cd (2,06), Co (1,1), and Mn (1,06) related to a group of elements of strong accumulation (accumulation index from 1 to 10). In plants of Cichorium intybus L. Cu, Fe, Ni, Mn, Cd, Co are distributed by acropetal type (acropetal coefficient >1,0), and Zn and Pb are distributed by basipetal type (acropetal coefficient <1,0). The value of biogeochemical activity in the plant Cichorium intybus L. varies from 47,4 to 728,3.

The ecological features of the eastern black crow Corvus orientalis breeding in the conditions of Tuva and Buryatia are revealed. The species is distinguished by high ecological plasticity, which allows it to inhabit in various natural and anthropogenic landscapes, including settlements of different types. Various types of trees are used for the construction of nests, but conifers are preferred and poplar. They rarely nest on power transmission lines. They nest in single pairs or form small settlements. The black crow is one of the early nesting birds in the region. Nesting begins at the end of March. The main proportion of birds lays eggs before the onset of the phenological summer, starting on April 8–15. Clutches are protected from low temperatures by a warmed nest and incubation from the first egg. The total duration of the nesting period in the region is 100–106 days, as for one pair of birds it is 56–60 days (laying eggs – 5–7 days, incubation – 19–20 days, staying of chicks in the nest – 27–29 days). The nesting period ends by July 20–25. Feeding of chicks coincides in time with the massive appearance of arthropods and, in particular, of Orthoptera, the main objects of their food. The nesting efficiency of the black crow is very high – 93,1%. All these data confirm a wide adaptive potential of the eastern black crow.

The authors analyze flora taxonomic composition of the Irgiz physiographic region. It is located in the southern part of the Samara Trans-Volga region and belongs to the steppe natural zone. The climate here is drier than in other parts of the region. The main type of vegetation is steppes; forests occupy insignificant areas and are confined to floodplains. The area is characterized by a strong plowing of the territory. The authors register floras taxonomic features of the steppe regions in the Samara Trans-Volga region, and analyze the composition of family and generic spectra in comparison with the floras of the forest-steppe zone of the Samara and Ulyanovsk regions. The following results have been obtained: 1) the floras of the steppe regions correspond to the Fabaceae type with the predominance of the Astragalus genus in the Fabaceae family; the leading genera include Carex, Potentilla, Salix, Galium; 2) a feature of the steppe zone is a high position in the spectrum of the genera Artemisia, Atriplex, Allium, in the family spectrum a high position is occupied by Chenopodiaceae, the Samara region, considered by us within the framework of the Irgiz physical and geographical region, is not completely uniform in natural conditions. Differences in natural conditions affect the species composition of vascular plants. Three local floras, geographically distant from each other within the region, are considered. The areas of the described floras differ from each other in relief. It is reflected in the occurrence of representatives of individual taxonomic groups. This determines the difference in the taxonomic parameters of the described local floras.

The paper presents the results of monitoring studies of Orchis mascula (L.) L. in the South Ural State Nature Reserve and in the State Reserve «Shulgan-Tash». In the South Ural State Nature Reserve O. mascula coenopopulations are found in forest clearings located on the peaks and in the upper parts of the slopes. In the state reserve «Shulgan-Tash» the only population of O. mascula grows in a forbs meadow under conditions of moderate moisture. In these two reserves the number of individuals in coenopopulations is not high. The ontogenetic spectra of coenopopulations are full-membered, they are left-sided in the conditions of the South Ural State Nature Reserve and they are right-sided in the State Reserve «Shulgan-Tash». Unidirectional changes in the number of individuals in different coenopopulations were revealed: from 2016 to 2019 there was a decrease in the number and by 2020 there was an increase. The decrease in the number of individuals is largely associated with their departure to secondary dormancy with the onset of adverse weather conditions rather than dying off. In general, the state of O. mascula coenopopulations under conservation conditions is satisfactory. Currently to maintain the number in the places where the species grows haymaking is carried out every 4 years.

The paper substantiates the role the key sacred sites of indigenous minorities of the North play in forming an integrated ecological network, expanding the nature conservation areas and preserving biological and landscape diversity of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District. It presents materials describing the nature conservation, scientific, historical and cultural significance of the heritage item – the sacred site «Angalsky Cape» in Salekhard. The reconnaissance and sociological studies (in 2019–2020) revealed the anthropogenic impact on the territory of the site which is the result of recreation, storage of solid household waste, location of technical facilities and disturbance. The studies have also shown that the protection regime adopted to preserve the sacred site and to keep the natural-territorial complex of the territory is not sufficient. As a result of field geobotanical, soil, zoological researches on the territory of the sacred site «Angalsky Cape», conducted in June and August 2021, the composition and structure of vegetation, soil, small mammal communities consistent with zonal and local natural conditions were defined. A relatively high level of plants and animals species diversity, as well as a good life condition of lichens were revealed. At the same time, the low resilience of the small mammal community indicates the vulnerability of ecosystems in this area to external influences, including anthropogenic loads. The results of the research allow us to recommend the sacred site «Angalsky Cape» for inclusion in the local ecological framework as a natural monument of local significance.

The growing interest in nuts as an undoubted essential component of a healthy diet, widespread in recent years, determines the expansion of nuts world cultivation areas, as well as the volume of seed production received. The reasons ensured the growing popularity of walnut as the oldest culture are not only the pleasant taste of the seeds («kernel»), widely used in food directly and as a component of various products, but also their unique chemical composition, including richness in proteins, vitamins and oil, in which essential polyunsaturated fatty acids are widely presented. The walnut is introduced into territories outside its natural area even now due to efforts of specialists working in the fields of plant introduction and selection as well as amateur enthusiasts who try to grow this valuable crop in their gardens. The introduction of species of Juglans L. genus into the Botanical Garden of Samara University began in the 1930s. As we know one of the goals of making a dendrological collection on the territory of the Samara Region was the introduction of new plant species, including walnut, which has valuable wood and fruits with high nutritional and taste properties, into forest plantations and gardens. The collection of walnut trees was created from seed samples received from various geographical locations (Saratov, Volgograd, Stavropol, Crimea, Ukraine, Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, etc.). The large-scale study of walnuts in the Samara (from 1936 to 1992 – Kuibyshev) Region faced climatic difficulties, but was always revived. Currently, the walnut collection contains about 900 specimens of genotypes of various origins, which are natural hybrids on their own roots. As a result of the introduction study of walnuts, extensive material has been collected; it is related to their stress resistance, structural and functional features. The paper presents the results of a preliminary X-ray screening of walnut fruits of the 2021 harvest from the dendrological collection of the Botanical Garden of Samara University, performed for trees of different ages and «genealogy» related to ordinary and accelerated forms of fruiting. The prospects of this research method for assessing the quality of nuts are shown. The dense shell of the seed and the features of its internal structure are not an obstacle to revealing the degree of development of the nucleus. The results obtained open up the possibility of a non-damaging express assessment of the quality of nuts as a specific seed material for the purpose of selection and a detailed study of their structural features.

The seasonal and daily dynamics of the content of nitrogen-containing compounds in the leaves of Hylotelephium triphyllum plants was studied. The maximum content of total nitrogen, soluble protein and free amino acids in the leaves was observed in the regrowth phase, followed by their reduction towards the end of the growing season. The daily dynamics was characterized by a high content of free amino acids and a low content of soluble protein in the morning hours. In the leaves of H. triphyllum, 23 free amino acids and 2 amides were found. The seasonal and daily dynamics of free amino acids was determined by the content of glutamine and glutamic acid. 4 non-proteinogenic amino acids were found: γ-aminobutyric, β-alanine, ornithine, citrulline. The total proportion of non-theeinogenic amino acids increased with the aging of the leaves from 0,6% of the sum of amino acids during regrowth to 5,8%, in the fruiting phase, which corresponded to a decrease in the content of soluble protein in them. Seasonal and daily dynamics of non-theeinogenic amino acids was determined mainly by γ-aminobutyric acid. Alanine and γ-aminobutyric acid were predominated among the amino acids as an indicator of stress. It is assumed that γ-aminobutyric acid contributes to the regulation of acidity of cell sap in the leaves of H. triphyllum. At low air and soil humidity (flowering phase), the acidity of the cell sap significantly correlates with the content of free amino acids in the leaves.

This paper discusses regional features of environmental pollution by heavy metals. The authors have studied the content of heavy metals in the water of the Ural River within the Republic of Bashkortostan (RB), Chelyabinsk and Orenburg Regions, as well as its right tributary, the Khudolaz River, located in the zone of influence of industrial enterprises of the city of Sibay and characterized by a high content of pollutants. It is noted that in the considered segment with a length of about 60 km downstream of the Ural River, a gradual decrease in the concentration of toxic elements is observed as a result of self-purification processes. Studies of the elemental composition of muscle tissue and scales of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), living in the Khudolaz River on the territory of the city of Sibay, showed high concentrations of heavy metals in them. Muscle tissue and scales accumulate heavy metals to varying degrees, which is due to the functional feature of these organs, their accumulative activity and the chemical properties of the metal itself. The greatest amount of Cu, Fe, Co accumulate in muscle tissue, while Zn, Mn – in scales. No similar pattern has been revealed for the accumulation of Ni and Pb. In muscle tissue, the elements are distributed as follows: Fe > Zn > Ni > Mn = Co > Cu > Pb, in scales – Zn > Fe > Mn > Co > Ni > Cu > Pb. Fe, Zn predominate in both series of element distribution, while the lowest concentrations are characteristic of Pb. A correlation analysis has revealed a presence of a direct statistically significant relationship between the content of heavy metals in water and the tissues of common carp: strong – in muscles (r = 0,95–0,98) and medium – in scales (r = 0,34–0,55).

This paper discusses integral indicators of tree plantations in urbanized areas. The role of flora for the urban environment and possible ways of influencing it from the side of human economic activity are shown. The peculiarities of green spaces formation and their change under the influence of anthropogenic load were the reason for the analysis of integral indicators of tree plantations of the city of Buzuluk. To conduct the study the methodology of a comprehensive assessment of the state of the natural environment was used according to integral indicators of the state of tree plantations according to E.G. Mozolevskaya. The paper presents the results of plantings categories analysis, indicators of plantings state, which allowed to identify resistant species in parks and squares of the city of Buzuluk to anthropogenic pollution. The study was conducted at six sites (parks and squares) of the city, exposed to significant anthropogenic impact: Trinity Park, Nikolsky Square, Friendship Alley, Square (Park) Victory Square, L.N. Tolstoy Square, central Buzuluk Square. Based on the work done, a conclusion was made about the satisfactory ecological condition of the parks and squares of the city of Buzuluk. The results obtained confirm the need to revise approaches to landscaping of this urbanized territory, which should be based on the increasing factor of anthropogenic load and ecological and biological characteristics of plantings. In the future this will make it possible to predict the development of the ecological situation of the studied territory, which is an important condition for the ecologically balanced development of the city.

The purpose of the paper is to publish ceramic and stone collections of artifacts from the Neolithic era, obtained along with the materials of the early Middle Ages at the settlement of Staevo 10. The settlement is located on the Voronezh river within the Michurinsky District of the Tambov Region. It is part of a narrow hillock of a high floodplain on the right bank of the Voronezh River 2–2,5 m high from a low floodplain. The surface is turfed, but previously subjected to plowing. The work on the settlement of Staevo 10 continued the study of the surroundings of the trade and craft settlement of the early Middle Ages. The settlement of Staevo 10 is the largest of those known in its vicinity. In the settlement, 436 m² of its area was explored by five excavations and 10 exploration pits were additionally laid to determine its boundaries. At all excavations, finds from the Neolithic era were found at the base of the cultural layer. Materials of the Neolithic Karamyshevskaya, Srednedonskaya and Lyalovskaya cultures of the second half of the 6^th–5^th millennia BC were identified. The stone inventory from the Staevo 10 site does not form stable series due to the small number of the collection. Most of the stone tools of the presented collection should still be attributed to the early Neolithic Karamyshevskaya culture; its ceramic materials are the most dominant at this site.

The paper publishes the materials of a fully investigated (2015–2016) soil burial ground located in the south of the Voronezh Region. The burial ground, small in size, was located on the high root bank of the Chernaya Kalitva River (the right tributary of the Don River, the modern border of the steppe and forest-steppe), consisted of 18 burials, including individual, paired and collective burials. The burials were performed according to a single ritual – stretched out on the back, arms along the trunk, legs tightly brought together, with the orientation of the face towards the river (south with slight deviations). Ochre and chalk played a significant role in the ritual. The discovered funerary inventory (ornaments made of bone and shells, bone tools, tools and weapons made of flint, stone products, ceramics) allows us to draw direct analogies with the burial grounds of the Mariupol type of the Early Eneolithic of the Dnepr, Azov and Middle Volga region (Mariupol, Nikolsky, Lysogorsky, Sezzhensky, Yekaterinovsky Cape). The presence of a copper product in one of the burials indicates that the complex belonged to the Eneolithic, which according to analogies can be dated to the end of the VI – first half of the V millennium BC.

The paper presents an analysis of the localization of bone pendants in the shape of volumetric heads of birds from the settlements of Sakhtysh I, Sakhtysh II and Sakhtysh IIa, located near Lake Sakhtysh (Ivanovo Region, central part of European Russia), now completely destroyed by peat mining. In total, 14 specimens have been identified: six ones – at Sakhtysh I, six more – at Sakhtysh II, and two ones – at Sakhtysh IIa. They belong to the Volosovo culture and represent figures of duck, goose, swan, crow, wood grouse, eagle, merganser, pelican. All figurines are highly individual, without any canonical ones, repeating in their shape. The context of their location is different: some of them were found in the burial (Sakhtysh 1), others in the «hoards» and on the ritual site of the burial ground (Sakhtysh II), while others in the «sanctuary» on the territory of the burial ground (Sakhtysh IIa), not far from the «sanctuary» (Sakhtysh II), not far from burials (Sakhtysh I and Sakhtysh IIa), in and near dwellings (Sakhtysh I). Most figurines in one way or another are associated with burials and funeral rituals. The connection between the figurines and funerary practices is most clearly traced on the territory of the Volosovo burial ground Sakhtysh II.

The paper reviews the findings of two research groups, published in the journal «Nature», that focus on the genetic aspects of horses’ domestication in the Bronze Age. Creating coherence and overcoming the contradictions between the data of paleogenetics and archeology through meta-description, which is based on the prevalence of selection, turns into the some controversial conclusions, including: extrapolation caused by the transfer of anthropomorphic characteristics to the physiological characteristics of the horse and the reduction of actors of social processes to genetic markers. In the context of articles on medical genetics and sociology of science, it is proposed to overcome controversies through a change in the optics of analysis of genetic data in the problem of domestication: rejection of the meta-description of the researching phenomena and the actualization of the logic of «meeting» social needs and mutational variability preceding domestication. In addition, the paper deals with the problem of interpreting the genetic data of horse domestication only as a hypothesis. The problem is that there is a significant chronological gap of 500–700 years between genetic ancestors and genuine domestic horses (Dom-2). This period includes such significant archaeological cultures as Abashevskaya, post-Poltavka Volga-Ural and others.

This paper is devoted to the publication of materials obtained during the study of the burial of the early Middle Ages in the burial mound Maslennikovo I. This necropolis is located in the steppe southwestern part of the Samara Trans-Volga region. The excavated mound 1 was built in the Bronze Age in the process of making eight burials of this time. Burial 2, admitted into the floor of the embankment in its southern part, dates back to the Middle Ages. The burial was made in a grave pit in the shape of an elongated oval and oriented with its long axis along the NW-SE line. The buried man lay stretched out on his back with his head to the northwest. The bone of a horse’s leg lay at his head. Gold foil fragments, which may have been the remains of a symbolic death mask, and earrings were also found in the area of the head. The remains of a wooden object with silver plates at the edges, probably of a quiver on the chest of a deceased burial were found. The remains of a scabbard, which also had silver plates there were in the region of the pelvis and between the thigh bones. Seven silver sewn-on plaques with embossed ornaments and several poorly preserved iron objects were found in the grave. The peculiarities of the funeral rite and accompanying implements make it possible to include this complex in the number of burials attributed by researchers as Magyar (proto-Magyar, Hungarian) and to consider it as the burial of an individual integrated into the ethnocultural environment of the Hungarians of the Middle Volga region of the 9^th–10^th centuries.

The purpose of the paper is to reveal the gender specifics of the behavioral norms of the Russian nobility in the late 18^th – mid 19^th centuries. The author stands on the positions of the approaches of historical anthropology, the history of everyday life and gender history. The conclusions are based on the analysis of sources of personal origin and literary texts of the era. The paper touches upon the problem of discursive differences between «male» and «female» writing, but the main attention is paid to behavioral differences. It is concluded that there are pronounced differences both in value attitudes and in the behavior of men and women. This was due to the fact that much more prohibitions were imposed on women’s everyday life. Moreover, the behavior of unmarried representatives of the noble class was subjected to particularly strict regulation. Unlike the young men, they were under constant control and supervision from the family and the entire noble society as a whole. This was due to the category of «honor», which also had significant gender specificity. If for a man, «honor» meant his qualities and merits, for a woman «honor» meant «chastity», that is, the ability to abstain from sexual contact outside of marriage. Numerous taboos weaken after the marriage of a noblewoman, but internal attitudes and self-control determine the stability of their behavior patterns.

The paper considers a contribution of the Russian microbiologist Zinaida Vissarionovna Ermolyeva to the study of the antibacterial agent lysozyme in the 1930s. The author uses unpublished documents of the Russian State Archive of Economics, the State Archive of the Russian Federation, as well as specialized scientific publications. The scientist and the employees of Microbes Biochemistry Department of the Biochemical Institute named after A.N. Bach, which she headed, managed to study the properties of lysozyme, the peculiarities of its effect on various microorganisms under the influence of various factors, to discover new sources of it, as well as to conduct experiments on animals to determine the therapeutic effect. Zinaida Vissarionovna and her colleagues modified the method of obtaining pure lysozyme. The discoveries of Z.V. Ermolyeva are important due to the fact that after receiving positive results of the action of the studied drug, she immediately tried to introduce it into medical practice. The paper highlights the participation of the scientist in the All-Union Mendeleev Congress, as well as in the meetings of the specialized commission of the Scientific Medical Council of the People’s Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR, which examined the successes of her department in the study of lysozyme. The scientific activity of Z.V. Ermolyeva in the 1930s was a powerful foundation on which, during the war, she worked to obtain a domestic antibiotic – penicillin

In modern studies on the history of wars, a fairly popular direction is the study of information discourse specifics. A special role in this discourse is played by propaganda through cinematography, which uses images, historical symbols and stable metaphors, the appeal to which can form a certain public reaction. The study of the main aspects of this topic is impossible without recourse to interdisciplinary methods of the humanities, developed as a result of a number of «turns» in the development of modern humanitarian knowledge, including «anthropological», «linguistic», «cultural», calling to study the perception of the world, human behavior in the past in the totality of socio-economic, political, cultural practices adopted in the studied society at a given time. In addition, an appeal to the methods of historical imagology will make it possible to trace the evolution of the process of visualization and mythologization of the Second World War in US cinematography more accurately. Without the study of the basic principles, methods, mechanisms and tools of this process it is extremely difficult to understand the peculiarities of the development and interaction of cinema and US propaganda at subsequent historical stages and the present. American scientists have achieved significant results in the study of directors’ creative biographies, in the specifics of their interaction with federal government bodies, and in the analysis of the activities of the Office of War Information in the field of cinematography.

The paper examines the tradition of politicized public funerals, which was of great importance among those who sympathized with revolutionary ideas in pre-revolutionary Russia, using materials of personal sources. Public funerals of this kind went beyond the boundaries of the traditional confessional funeral rite to a large extent and elicited serious anxiety from the authorities. It is shown that this tradition was born and formed in the second half of the 19^th century and allowed the public to express political ideas bypassing the censorship restrictions of that period. The politicized funeral attracted large crowds of participants and spectators, accompanied by revolutionary songs, and ended with speeches and a «civil funeral». The significance of politicized public funerals as a performative practice is shown. It is noted that politicized funerals were not always anti-religious in nature. The reaction of contemporaries to the mass politicized funeral is considered. Memoirists note the extra-state nature of a funeral of this kind, which made it possible to maintain perfect order even without the participation of the police. It is shown that by the time of the 1917 revolution, public revolutionary funerals were already a well-formed social phenomenon, and the ritual of the ceremonial burial of the victims of the revolution on the Field of Mars dates back precisely to this practice.

This paper examines the problem of the relationship between the quality of GPs training and the content of educational programs in the context of a new structure of professional education. The authors have identified legislative provisions governing changes in the foundations for the development of Federal state educational standards for higher education (the level of highly qualified personnel training in clinical studies). They have also determined regulatory requirements for the structure of clinical studies program, the level of training of GPs and the conditions for implementing the program. The paper presents guidelines for professional competencies identification as a result of GPs training. The composition and structure of GP professional competence has been determined. The comparative characteristics of professional competencies and labor functions have been presented. The authors have presented the assessment results of the quality of the content of GPs training programs carried out by the experts of Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Health of Russia as well as scientific and pedagogical workers of therapeutic departments of 24 medical universities of the Ministry of Health of Russia. The study has shown that in modern conditions the content of GPs training requires updating, since the quality of specialists training is determined by their ability to solve professional problems using knowledge that provides the development of skills for GP labor functions performing. The obtained materials can serve as a basis for further monitoring of the quality of specialists training.

This paper examines the problem of cyberspace, which is becoming a field for discussion of both political, economic, social problems and issues related to personal life, learning and development processes. The process of spontaneous socialization, where the agents have traditionally been the institutions of family and education, is complicated by modern global information computer technology, which has naturally led to cyberevolution. The necessity of entering cyberspace in the sphere of education is considered. The authors describe the need to include the student community in the learning process through online technologies using modern learning platforms (Moodle, Microsoft Teams, etc.). The paper considers cybersocialization phenomenon as the main factor of socio-pedagogical adaptation of students with the need to exit to a positive cybersocialization. Particular emphasis is placed on the positive aspects of cybersocialization of students, and the problems of students’ adaptation to distance learning conditions are studied. The paper presents the results of the development and implementation of socio-pedagogical program of students’ adaptation to distance learning conditions. The conducted research showed the orientation of students to distance learning format, where a certain role is given to curators of study groups and teachers in solving the problems of students’ cybersocialization. At the same time, the independence and motivation of students in solving this problem is important. The obtained materials can serve as a basis for understanding the process of socialization of modern students to the conditions of distance education.

The paper examines the process of students’ civic position development through the system of preventive work of the ideology of extremism and terrorism. A special place in the aggravation of social tension among young people has a complex of solutions to social problems, including problems of the quality of education, accessibility of services in the sphere of culture and art, social inequality, significant stratification of society into poor and rich. The authors consider youth as an object of state policy, on the position of activity of which the vector of development of Russia will depend. Socially, young people at student age risk being marginalized when their views on what is happening in society have not yet been established, and their behavior is not determined by practically any socio-economic factors. The spread of the ideology of extremism among young people today is becoming the most dangerous social phenomenon in modern society, and extremism can develop into more serious crimes, such as terrorism, murder, infliction of grievous bodily harm, mass demonstrations and riots. The paper presents the results of preventive work with students aimed at the development of attitudes of tolerant behavior, religious tolerance, peacefulness.

This paper discusses the methodology for implementing the ecological-evolutionary approach while studying the biology of early bird ontogenesis. A special result of biological knowledge development is the emergence of two methodological constructs: the idea of development and the idea of organization. The essence and nature of the methodological interpretations of the ecological-evolutionary approach are different, as well as the formulations of the problems that are solved using this approach. The development of the methodology of the ecological-evolutionary approach in the study of the early ontogenesis of birds can be successfully implemented using the example of mass bird species, for which the pre-breeding and nesting stages of the annual life cycle have been studied. The tasks are aimed at the development of systemic and critical thinking among students, which is expressed in the students’ mastery of such a universal competence as the ability to search, critically analyze and synthesize information, apply a systematic approach to solving tasks. It is advisable to develop these universal competencies on the basis of actual biological material that can interest students. The first group of tasks is based on the information about the biology of the early ontogenesis of black-headed gulls, obtained in the course of the field research. The second option of tasks can be tasks that require additional use of literature by the student when answering questions. The third version of tasks provides for elements of students’ independent study of specific biological objects. Thus, the influence of environmental factors on a biological object or process and the reaction to the influence of the factor are taken into account.

The major cause of the given study is the urgent necessity to develop effective information and communication technologies to employ in teaching professionally-oriented foreign language to students of technical universities. The digital transformation in teaching practices makes both educators and theorists search for new teaching methods and technologies. Collaborative learning or leaning in cooperation is an advanced educational approach that aims to facilitate students’ learning. This study is focused on describing theoretical foundations, analyzing practical application, and examining advantages of collaborative learning technologies in comparison with traditional ones. The paper defines the concept, main principles, and implementation stages of this method, as well as advantages and potential of collaborative learning. We have revealed that collaborative learning greatly contributes to an increase of the language proficiency level and to the development of professional communicative competence in foreign languages. The study was carried out using a wide array of theoretical methods, including investigation, description, review and analysis of literature in the field of teaching foreign languages to students of technical universities. The findings of our study might be useful for both education theorists and practitioners who are interested in cooperative methods and their usage as classroom activities. To further our research, we intend to analyze the use of collaborative learning technology, expand its possibilities and enhance the efficiency of its application in teaching foreign languages at technical universities.

The forced emergency widespread transition to distance learning during the COVID 19 pandemic period required the urgent development of new tools for working in the digital environment, adaptation to new methods of communication in the system teacher – student. The use of digital tools and technologies in the implementation of bachelor’s studies in the context of the digitalization of higher education and the introduction of online education complicated the teacher’s activity in designing the learning process. There was a lack of research devoted to the study and description of teaching Biology practice (including Botany) in the online format, there were no teaching materials for organizing practical work with students. In connection with the situation, it was necessary to search for new ways to implement various types of activities in the distance format, search for new ways of communication in the system teacher – student, and test modern pedagogical technologies. Since the autumn of 2020, many universities, including P.P. Ershov Ishim Pedagogical Institute (Branch) of Tyumen State University, have been successfully using the Microsoft Teams platform. The following methods were used during the study: theoretical and comparative analysis of literature, systematization and synthesis, collection and evaluation of the results of the completed tasks (reports on working with cases, test results and questionnaires). The results of the individual task – a report on working with case illustrations showed that 47% of students were rated «satisfactory» and 53% of students – «good». The qualitative progression, according to the test results, was 53%. The results of the survey «Reflexive Screen» made it possible to identify the positive effect, obtained from the lesson held in the online format (100% of students were interested in the lesson). The paper describes in detail the methods for online teaching Botany at the lesson, conducted in the winter of 2021, and analyzes it.

In modern conditions of the accelerated development of inclusive education in higher education, there is a need for a continuous search for appropriate and flexible solutions in the choice of technologies, methods and teaching aids. A detailed study, development and implementation of specific technologies are required to ensure the active and effective inclusion of students with disabilities in the educational process. In this regard, the main problem is the teacher’s choice of didactic methods, tools and technologies that allow organizing the learning process with the proper degree of effectiveness for all students, including students with disabilities. Modern inclusive education involves information barriers elimination for knowledge development, which is ensured by the active inclusion of distance learning technologies in the educational process. At the same time, a complete transition to a distance learning format negatively affects the process of social adaptation of people with disabilities, so a reasonable combination of online and offline forms of education is the most acceptable. This paper analyzes the problem of building the most effective model for teaching people with disabilities, based on the interaction of traditional and distance learning technologies. An example of solving this problem is considered based on the experience of teaching mathematical courses at Povolzhskiy State University of Telecommunications and Informatics and Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education.