Vol 4, No 1 (2015)

The article deals with the problems connected with segmentation of the flow of speech. English speech is divided into segments with the help of the complex and specific semiological system - the system of punctuation. Thus, the research conducted contributes into the solution of a more general problem - the dialectal unity of the oral and written forms of English. The peculiar feature of English punctuation marks is that, in contrast with Russian, this system is based on the declamatory-psychological principle. It reflects the semantic and stylistic content of the utterance, rather than its grammatical structure. The way an author uses punctuation marks depends mainly on his/her intention. In other words, English punctuation marks are put semantically-stylistically. The input of the researchers of Speechology linguistic school (Moscow State University) into the theory and practice of English punctuation system can hardly be overestimated. It is stated, in particular, that each punctuation mark corresponds to a certain complex of prosodic features. According to their function and prosody, they are divided into the marks for vertical segmentation of speech and the marks for horizontal stratification of speech. English punctuation marks should evidently be studied through the prism of functional stylistics. In this respect, the italics functions have been defined in the texts belonging to two main functional styles. The italics have been proved to function differently in scientific texts and those of fiction. In the former the punctuation mark is used in accordance with the semantic level of realization of language units which demands the use of syntactic or logical suprasyntactic prosody features. In belle-letter style the italics help, mainly, to create the character speech portrait; to achieve that the italicized units are brought out in speech by means of timbre suprasyntactics.

Linguomethodological aspects of the value approach in the Russian language teaching in multiethnic classes are analysed in the article. The experience of surveys held in the Laboratory of linguodidactics and innovative technologies of the Russian language teaching and in the Centre of slavonic philology and culture named after I.I.Sreznevsky of the Ryazan State University named after S.A.Esenin is revealed. Three main lines of axiological approach in the Russian language teaching in multiethnic environment are considered. The first line is a traditional one. It presupposes first of all aspect work on learners' vocabulary enrichment with words that reflect Russian people linguistic worldview, and moral and ethical lexical units come first in this case. The work on students’ vocabulary activation through creative tasks as well as while preparing for final certification in the form of USE-11 and GSE-9 belongs to this line. The second line presupposes special work in speech development classes where value concepts of Russian culture are acquired on the basis of the texts sorted out. Thus, broadening and intensifying ethnic cultural component in the Russian language teaching is achieved by acquiring value notions of Russian national culture - concepts. The third line is aimed at fulfilling important for contemporary school language adaptation of foreign students who study at Russian schools. On the one hand, this line realizes the value approach in the Russian language teaching to the students of the Crimea (who previously studied the Russian as well as the official Ukrainian language) and, on the other hand, it is aimed at developing effective methods and technics of teaching foreign students in Russian schools.

The article touches upon the idea of analysing the language of Ye.I. Zamyatin's prose of the 20s in comparison with the method of neorealism and stylistic synthetic preferences that are defined theoretically and realised in practice by the author in his literary and critical works as well as in fiction (in the articles "About synthethism" (1922), "New Russian Prose" (1923) and others, the stories of the twenties, the novel "We"). Neorealism is understood as the category of the author's comprehension of the history of development of literary and cultural process in general, as the stage of this development which implies actual witticism, psychological character of realism and semantic and stylistic transcendentalism of symbolism. Synthethism is treated as the artistic form of neorealism. Synthetic aesthetics of Ye.I. Zamyatin's prose is revealed in extended metaphors of Zamyatin's works, they are characterized by the aspiration for marginal assymetry of their sign form, being increasingly reduced, and by metaphorical contents, being totally profound, complicated by semantic clashes - abstract projections of syntagmatic relations between lexems of the prose text of the author. This syntagmatic character is provided with occasional collocations of common Russian vocabulary which recursively transform in the metaphors of Ye.I. Zamyatin's text extracts of different length. So, the article presents one of numerous aspects of linguistic analysis of Zamyatin's text, partial so far. In general, Zamyatin’s writing manner is defined as perceptually complicated due to the author's language and mental uniquiness which is expressed in the intellectual artistic value of the text. The article briefly presents terminological toolkit that includes such linguistic and stylistic concepts as language of work of fiction , language of fiction, poetic language, expressive langiage .

It is now recognized that there are two types of inserted constructions: unconstructive and constructive type. The former can be linked to the basic statement by grammatical and lexical means, the latter are considered to be isolated from it. We suppose that the unconstructive insertions are also associated with the basic statement, but mainly by dint of lexical and lexical-grammatical means, and we check it on specific material. The analysis showed that there were found means of communication with the context - usually narrow (statement in which the insert exists), less often wider (the dialogue replica, complex syntactic whole) in the vast majority of the inserts used in the novels of I.S. Turgenev of 1850s. The constructive inserts dominate in the researched works and therefore the grammatical means (conjunctions, introductory words, structural incompleteness) are rarely used for communication with the main statement. Often various lexical means serve this purpose, including lexical and paradigmatic repetitions; words-realia that belong to one situation or are correlated otherwise in their sense; words included in one thematic group; paronyms; categorematic words that reveal the real meaning of asemantic pronouns or words with a broad abstract meaning; words with a broad abstract meaning summarizing the content of the preceding statements. The most frequent communication means of inserted units with the context are lexical-grammatical ones - pronouns and pronominal adverbs, as well as their combination with categorematic words. Several communication means with the context are used in many inserts.

The article shows the role of teaching analysis of the text with regard to its intertextual relations in shaping students’ interpretation activities. Intertextuality refers to the properties of texts to form links between them, through which the texts (or parts of them) may in many diverse ways, either implicitly or explicitly refer to each other. The concept of "intertextuality" can be defined as two types of interaction between texts in the common space of world culture: the interaction between the structures of texts, genres, themes, stylistic features, the interaction of the type "text inside text”: partial inclusion of already known texts in the content of the new text in the form of borrowing, epigraph, imitation, parody, allusion, hint, citations. During intertextual analysis, the researcher finds that the original text in a new text is transformed. Recognition of intertextuality as one of the dominant categories leads to the recognition of the semantic openness of the text, and the necessity of its inclusion in the broader cultural space. On the understanding of the intertextual relations are based to a certain extent, one of the tasks of the Unified state examination; a school leaver should be able to see the common problems of texts and use a reference to his well-known story, the episode, the image of the characters, the author's idea as an argument. Contemporary students’ limited reading horizons do not always let them draw a parallel between the problems of two or more texts, and the study of intertextual relations is not part of literature and Russian language syllabus. The author of the article defines the types of tasks and questions for the planned analysis.

This article contains psychological and pedagogical characteristics of children with mental retardation, goals, tasks, principles, contents of remedial and developing activities management in educational institution. Actuality of this article is caused by the fact that the head of modern comprehensive school is faced with the most important problem of creation the favorable environment for the maximum self-realization and development of the each pupil personality. The thesis on effective management in the formation process of personality-oriented adaptive educational environment is particularly relevant in relation to children with developmental disabilities. The present stage of educational modernization is connected with active transition from the totalitarian, unified education system to variable one, from a "school for all" position to a "school for everyone" position. It is provided by the new educational policy focused on education availability, adaptability of its system to the levels and features of development of the trained. This article will be useful for teachers who work in the remedial and developing training, as well as for directors of educational institutions.

This article describes the succession problems of ecological and economic education among students of comprehensive secondary schools and vocational schools. Ecological and economic problems of education were considered in the natural geographic study in out-of-class time in secondary and grammar schools of Kazan. Moreover, those problems were examined in supplementary education establishments of Republican ecological and biological methodical center controlled by Ministry of Education and Science. The author carried out continuous ecological and economic education state monitoring of students in secondary schools of Kazan, Naberezhnye Chelny, Nizhnekamsk and Almetyevsk, Apastovo, Kukmorsk, Leninogorsk, Mamadysh and other municipal districts of Tatarstan. The work on ecological and economic education is conducted through holding elective courses, various sections and associations, scientific societies for students, groups and clubs, ecological camps, school forestries, training and test sites , etc. In educational institutions of secondary and higher vocational education also considerable attention is devoted to the problems of ecological and economic education. Following elective courses and electives have been developed for students of colleges: "Economy and Nature Management", "Ecological and economic features of the region", "Geography and economy of Tatarstan". A variety of elective courses and extracurricular activities of environmental and economic content was introduced to the educational process for students and masters in the institutes and departments of natural science in KVRFU, Naberezhnye Chelny ISPTR, KIFEI, KSTU. For example, such as "Ecological and economic culture", "Ecological and economic features of cities in RT", "Ecological and economic problems of the Volga Federal District "and others.

It is indisputable that individual words and phraseological units have different semantic significance and perform various discursive and context-stylistic functions. From this point of view they differ words-facts, words-events, words-phenomena. Words-facts are such words the denotative nature of which doesn't depend on the context. А word is the central unit of the language system according to the observations of many domestic and foreign linguists. The title of the main linguistic work of V.V. Vinogradov "Russian language (Grammatical doctrine of the word)" is evidence of that. It is there he gives such a statement by Ferdinand de Saussure: "A word is a unit, relentlessly appearing in our mind, something central in the whole mechanism of language." The article is not about a new category of "Fact", analyzed by Y.S. Stepanov, but about those nominations, which denotations express existing or existed realities perceived by the organs of sense. And the same are analyzed key-words of military vocabulary: soldier, fighter, warrior. The study is carried out on the material of the National Corpus of Russian Language. These three words are represented there in 889 documents, 1292 occurrences. Words fighter and warrior as obsolete are rarely used in the poetry of the Soviet period. Soldier, a word of active vocabulary, in the early XIX century competes with the lexeme fighter in the poetry of S.A. Shirinsky-Shikhmatov, Pushkin, Tiutchev, Nekrasov, Yazikov. In the poetry of the XX century, the majority of applications of the word-fact fighter, unlike the XIX century, are used in the plural, and refer to the nameless participants of wars. Traditionally the application fighter in the poetry of XIX-XX centuries characterizes Iskander - Alexander the Great. It should be kept in mind that a word-fact can act as a word-event and as a word-occurrence depending on the situation. But the article does not consider the demarcation signs that serve to the classification of the given applications.

The article attempts modeling a semantic field 'Weather', which occupies an important place in the dialect space of Samara dialects. The connection of relationship types of polysemy and synonymy with their areal characteristics which was identified in the study is relevant to the general theory of linguistic geography. The cartography of dialectal semantic differences on the materials of the Samara dialects was held for the first time. The study developed a technique of mapping dialect semantic differences in the dialects of the late settlement territories, which is known to be characterized by heterogeneity of the composition and intensity of linguistic processes. In consequence of the formulating questions specificity in Dialectological atlas of Russian language, The results of a survey, conducted in accordance with the "Program of gathering information for the compilation of dialectological atlas the Russian language” in the section" Vocabulary", didn’t allow to carry out a full-scale simulation of the semantic field "Weather" because they do not include all meteonyms functioning in the Samara region. In this connection, the reconstruction of the field at the first stage is limited to the analysis of lexical-semantic variation within the microstructure of polysemantic lexeme “weather” in Samara dialects and actualization of oppositions, in which different word meanings enters. Analysis of the material revealed a hierarchy within the tested semantic field. The common meaning of the lexeme weather ('state of the atmosphere') and its particular hyponymic meanings ​​('good weather', 'bad weather', 'it is snowing') are represented, which correlate with widespread meaning 'clear sunny weather', expressed by a dialect lexeme “fine weather”and generating dense areas in the region territory. Depicted patterns of lexical-semantic variation provide a basis for further theoretical understanding of the phenomenon of the high form variance and word contents in the dialect system.

The article is devoted to the comparative analysis of loan and native terms and to the aspect of their usage in the modern Russian language. Interlingual borrowing of lexical units as a natural process in any language has become their characteristic feature in functioning due to the modern processes in the world (such as economical, political and cultural integration and globalization). Any term system has a high level of structuring, and term formations have regular nature. Thus, exact organization comes to a recipient language along with loan terms. Each microgroup of lexical units tends to be a system in a recipient language. Correspondence to all term standards and consistency and purposefulness can help a native term to occupy its position in the term system of a language. A native term has more chances to be accepted by a lingual group if it is expanded in such a moment when international word or loan term hasn’t covered speech activity of a lingual group. Inner form of native terms, as a rule, has clarity, concept of such terms is known for people. But native terms have disadvantages: due to their long usage in a language and multiple meanings native terms can lead to uncontrolled associations. In many cases preference to loan terms in professional sphere is explained by communicative and pragmatic factors, and also broad productive capacity due to their laconism.

The article gives a brief analysis of the main conceptual approaches to the content development of the course "Russian language and speech culture" and ways to implement them. It is argued that the process of learning requires the integration of professionally oriented and communicative approaches as an important condition for the effective formation of future specialists’ professionally-communicative competence. It is proved that the communicative and pragmatic aspects are implemented in practice only occasionally, unsystematically, despite the insufficient level of communicative knowledge and skills of students. The author proposes an original methodology of professionally oriented training course "Russian language and speech culture", which is based on interdisciplinary integration as a holistic unity of content (knowledge and skills) and procedural (experience) component, collectively providing active learning. The article emphasizes that effective cooperation of course "Russian language and speech culture" with general professional and special disciplines is achieved by extracting the professionally-communicative educational main body, which includes integrative topics, integrative content and other interdisciplinary educational elements, converging course with the specifics of students’ future profession. Also some of the ways, methods, principles are described, which allow to carry out interdisciplinary integration in the classroom effectually, provide an opportunity to fully realize the metadisciplinary function of the Russian language in higher education and to subdue the process of learning to the communicative needs of future professional activity. It is proved that the implementation of interdisciplinary integration in the University course "Russian language and speech culture" realizes speech training based on the trinity "language-profession-identity", provides synthesis of speech, professional, and intellectual development of students, as well as acquiring knowledge of the future profession values.

The article “Nominations of a person’s national identity (based on literary works by N.V. Gogol and Ch. Dickens”) focuses on the description of a person’s ethnic evaluation based on literary works. Representing national-cultural values, on the one hand, and creating their own philosophy, on the other hand, N.V.Gogol and Ch.Dickens embodied both the peculiarities of the national worldview and the individual perception of the environment. Their models of nominations affected the process of naming in their national languages, being reflected in the mentality of Russians and Englishmen. As a unit of analysis nominants were chosen, i.e. free combinations with words-nominations functioning within them, which provide syntagmatic implications of the nominants. Russian and English units of nomination reflecting the ethnic evaluation are analysed. The article notes that qualitative adjectives as well as highlighting specific peculiar traits of different nations were used as means to create an ethnic stereotype in literary works by N.V. Gogol. These nominants were divided into two cycles - describing Ukraine (with the distinctly specified opposition “us” - “them”) and showing St. Petersburg (with a neutral evaluation and pointing out specific character traits of certain nations). The idea of nominants in a literary work showing the perception of typical and specific peculiarities seen by the author is considered to be the basic idea and as a result of the description of a cultural interpretation of image-based units of nomination the conceptual values of these peoples describing their mentality, typical traits of an ethnos can be singled out.

Graphic non-verbal means are an important aspect in advertising communication. The relevance of the chosen topic was determined by the growth of the advertising business and the need for understanding the advertising names and the fact that the mark of the journalistic texts of Penza are neoplasms created in atypical, non-usual ways with violations of word-formation rules and laws. The aim of the study was to identify the specific use of various techniques of graphicsation in the advertising space in Penza; to determine the communicative successful and unsuccessful grapheme neoplasms on the data basis of the free associative experiment. According to the author, a successful advertising name must have a kind of "flavor" that can attract consumers of goods and services. The creator of the ad name plays a special game with a potential customer for guessing a hidden "secret code" there. However, graphemes, like matryoshkas, hide one or more independent words inside big words. The interweaving of semantic components, resulting from senses compression, creates the effect of multi-level advertising name, each element of which belongs to a specific layer of meaning and affects the subconscious. Word game with graphemes, search for meanings hidden in an unusual lexeme can entertain the consumer, bring him positive emotions. In addition, people try to tell others about the interesting name, that it is very important to secure the nomination in the memory of potential customers. However, too wide use of unusual graphemes leads to unnecessary distortion of the written word form. Therefore, the founders of modern advertising are to consider the advisability of graphical transformations in the commercial name.

The paper presents economic-mathematical model of analysis of Russian and Norwegian economies sectoral structure dynamics. A comparative analysis of occurred structural changes was performed, proposals for reduction of dependence on raw materials export were made. Structureforming impact of minerals extraction on Russian economy by usage of sectoral division by P-S-T model consists in growth of relative share of primary sector. The process of change of sectoral structure of Norwegian economy over the reviewed period occurred similarly, though intensively. Corresponding sectors of Russian and Norwegian economies have the same dynamics of their shares although deviations from the average in Norwegian economy were more expressed than in Russian. Asymmetry of sectoral growth is evident from inoptimal resource allocation as well as inequality of income distribution. Procedures of management of state incomes from oil export in Russia and Norway are adjusting a process of intersectoral shifts. We identified most strong connection in intersectoral development of economies of Russia and Norway, which is an inverse relationship between primary and tertiary sector shares. Supporting force opposing continuing structural degradation, such as potentially competitive modern industries that are not technologically integrated into the oil and gas extraction and export complex, but are subsidized in the medium-term by its revenues, is a task of the utmost importance for Russian and Norwegian economies.

The usage of interactive teaching methods in the classroom for Russian and foreign languages enables to achieve new opportunities associated with establishing interpersonal interaction by external dialogue in the process of learning. A modern approach to learning should focus on bringing the novelty to the process of learning, due to the peculiarities of the life and work dynamics, the specifics of various learning technologies and the needs of the person, society and the state in developing socially useful knowledge, beliefs, traits, and qualities of character, attitudes, and experience. Today it has become apparent that we need to manage not a person, but the process of his development. The main methodological innovations are associated today with the use of interactive teaching methods. Interactive learning is primarily a dialog learning in which interaction is between teacher and student. The essence of interactive learning is that the learning process is organized in such a way that almost all students are involved in the learning process, they are able to understand and comprehend about what they know and think. Joint activities of students in the learning process, development of educational material mean that each person makes its own special individual contribution, exchange of knowledge, ideas, and ways of activity. Interactive forms of training awaken students ' interest; encourage active participation in the learning process; contribute to effective learning; have a multifaceted impact on students; provide feedback; contribute to change behavior.

Formation of quantum mechanics bases is impossible without acquisition of knowledge and abilities for the solution of the corresponding tasks in this section of theoretical physics. At the same time, the exact solution of tasks is not always possible in quantum mechanics, especially if they are non-stationary and multipartial tasks. Various approximate methods (the theory of perturbations, a variation method, quasiclassical and adiabatic approximations) are developed for the solution of quantum mechanical problems. Sometimes tasks which are studied in a standard course of quantum mechanics can be solved by the one-dimensional equation of Schrödinger, but the division method of variables is, in fact, exclusive, and similar decisions can have special features, which are not characteristic for solutions of a general kind. The quantity of the solution methods applied to this class of problems is limited. In this article it is shown that a number of the main representations of quantum mechanics can be created without preliminary studying of its mathematical apparatus, by use of de Broil waves.

There are significant changes in pre-school education in modern conditions. In connection with implementation of the FSES PE the question about the study requirements to psychological-pedagogical conditions for the implementation of the FSES PE. "Respect of adults to the children’s human dignity, formation and support their positive self-esteem, confidence in their own abilities and opportunities" is distinguished as one of important psychological-pedagogical conditions in the Standard FSES PE. The following indicators were selected to study this condition: educator refers to the child affectionately, smiling; educator is attentive to the mood, desires, achievements of the children; the educator encourages children's autonomy; educator welcomes the children’s comments about their thoughts and feelings; the educator encourages children's actions; the teacher blames the child's actions, but not the personality; the reproach is given simultaneously with behavior pattern; educator notes the child’s achievements.

Constantly evolving political, economic, cultural, sports, trade dialogue between Russia and Turkey implies the existence of Russian-speakers , in varying degrees, in Turkish society. The article traces the history of teaching Russian language in Turkey. This process, which began in the XIX century, developed in the 1980s at Ankara University as an academic activity. It is currently carried out due to the work of a dozen departments, consisting of highly qualified teachers of Russian, implementing the latest methods of teaching Russian language, due to audiences equipped with modern technologies. The major role in training Russian to Turkish students plays the Department of Russian Language and Literature of Anadolu University. The article describes the state of one of the leading departments of Russian language and literature in Turkey on the example of the university. Students learn not only Russian, but also study the Russian literature. Teaching Russian language is carried out by qualified teachers from Turkey as well as from abroad, using various methods of teaching Russian to Turkish students. Modern electronic means of communication make it possible to change the scale and location of the Russian language entry to the world space. This problem is solved by the system of distance education. The international exchange programs for students and teachers «Erasmus» and «Mevlana» successfully operate in the Anadolu University. The need for teachers-experts in Russian language is still preserved in Turkey. In order to increase their number the Higher Education Institution (YÖK) has created a new system called "ÖYP" (program for the young scientists development).

The article considers the artistic works of writers, natives of the Penza region in order to find dialect vocabulary. Dialects, microtoponyms, anthroponyms learned from those works can serve as an additional material for the preparation of regional dictionaries. Use of dialectisms in works of art has always aroused great interest. Researchers give attention to the appropriateness of their use, understandability-obscurity, the frequency of use, and different ways of introducing them into a literary context. In addition to these goals, literary works may be of great interest also as a source of dialectal information on a particular region. Dialectal words can designate certain local realities, household items, etc. which are not known in popular language, or be equivalents of verbose concepts in literary language. The value of this information lies in the fact that they reproduce the dialect features of the patois of those times, that are described in the work. Moreover, in these works there are many unusual anthroponyms (names, surnames, nicknames), microtoponyms and other local names of herbs, mushrooms, etc. of interest to linguists. All this can serve as a good material for the preparation of regional, including dialectal, dictionaries. The degree of frequency of dialectal information in such works may be different. It depends upon the theme of the work, the characters portrayed, goals that the author the author set, the writer’s skill, and so on. This information can be expressed by single words or represent a broad picture of dialectal phenomena that can be used to reproduce a significant part of the linguistic characteristics of the patois.

Modern production poses challenges whose solution requires well-developed research skills.Thus, graduates must not only possess the necessary set of basic and special knowledge, but also be able to timely adapt to the dynamics of the environment, continually upgrade their skills, possess a certain degree of creativity to solve practical problems. The experience of colleges and universities proves conclusively that an effective way of improving the quality of training is to involve students in well-organized, methodically thought-out research work, provided it is closely related to the educational process and the students’ future profession. The paper deals with one of the most important and promising learning activities - students’ research carried out under the guidance of a teacher. The objective is to encourage students to use their creative abilities, participation in the university research activities, and, eventually, improvement of the quality of higher education. The article gives an example of students’ independent work enhancing their research skills. It is a project on the use of integral calculus methods in solution of applied problems. Its implementation is assumed to deepen and systematize the knowledge in mathematical analysis in general and in triple integrals in particular. Students were assigned to solve problems of the calculation of volume, static moments, moments of inertia, center of gravity coordinates of the spatial body, problems of finding the vector flow through a closed surface.