Vol 13, No 2 (2024)

The article is dedicated to the anniversary of the famous Russian archaeologist, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Alexander Alekseevich Vybornov. A.A. Vybornov explored numerous archaeological sites of the Mesolithic, Neolithic, and Chalcolithic eras in the Volga-Urals and Kama region. The scientific archaeological school headed by the hero of the day is known not only in our country, but also in foreign countries. The hero of the day successfully combines scientific work with teaching, Professor A.A. Vybornov gives undergraduate lectures at the Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, and directs master's and postgraduate courses in archeology. A.A. Vybornov is the author of more than 400 scientific and educational works. About 70 of the scientific works have been published abroad, including in prestigious publications included in the Scopus and Web of Science lists. The researcher is the leader and participant of numerous grants and government assignments. He is the organizer of many international and national conferences. Alexander Alekseevich pays great attention to educational work with students and is a curator every year. A.A. Vybornov for many years was the dean of the Faculty of History, the head of the Domestic History and Archeology Department, and directed the master’s program «Archaeology of the Volga Region». The article analyzes his scientific, scientific-organizational and teaching activities.

This article discusses the motor lateralization of German Shepherd dogs. The identification of such relationships can contribute to more effective identification of predispositions of dogs to various types of work, or more effective training of working dogs. The aim of the work is to identify the relationship between the direction of use of German Shepherd dogs and their lateralized behavior. Using the first step method, data on the motor bias of 55 dogs of different sexes and ages were collected, and the lateralization index was calculated. The dogs were divided into three groups: from the center of the cynological service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Vologda Region, from the kennel of black German shepherds «Gladiator», and participants of the monopred exhibition of German shepherds «Moskovia» in 2024. It was found that most dogs are characterized by right-footedness, 49% demonstrate it, however, the leading limb of dogs differs depending on the sex of the animals: 64% of males turned out to be right–handed, 44% of females were left-handed, while the proportion of ambidextrous was higher among females (15%) than among males (9%). In addition, for dogs working in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, there was a tendency to the predominance of left-handers (56% of individuals), and among dogs from the Gladiator kennel and participants in the Moskovia exhibition, right-handers prevailed (56 and 57%, respectively).

Representatives of the Orchidaceae family serve as an indicator of the stability of forest phytocoenoses. Orchids are considered one of the most vulnerable representatives of the flora, sensitive to changes in environmental conditions, including those caused by anthropogenic factors. In this regard, orchids can be called indicators of the state of the environment. Assessing their condition in communities is of paramount importance when developing environmental measures. In 2010–2023 The population structure of Neottianthe cucullata (L.) Schlechter was studied on the territory of the Buzuluksky forest (within the Samara Region). Populations of the species were recorded in the green moss pine forest. Population monitoring was carried out using population ontogenetic methods. The study of N. cucullata populations in the Samara Region was carried out by the authors for the first time, although for the more northern regions of the Russian Federation the population characteristics of the species have been studied in sufficient detail. The value of the research lies in obtaining and analyzing original data on N. cucullata in the Samara Region, where the species is on the verge of extinction. The number of individuals was identified, and the ontogenetic and spatial structure of coenopopulations was studied. The coenopopulations contain individuals of different ages, including subsenile ones – the populations are complete. Low demographic indices have been identified that slow down or prevent the self-recovery of N. cucullata coenopopulations under conditions of anthropogenic load. Under conditions of low stress, populations are mature and resistant to environmental factors. But with an increase in anthropogenic load (trampling, runaway fires) and changes in illumination and soil moisture (when cutting down trees), the stability of populations decreases. The dynamics of the ontogenetic structure and number of individuals in more or less favorable habitat conditions fluctuate. A large forest fire in 2021 in the Buzuluksky forest affected the habitat of N. cucullata. The woody and herbaceous layers of the communities were almost completely destroyed, and the structure of the upper soil horizon was damaged. In 2023, the growth of three individuals of the species, located scatteredly, was revealed.

The aim of the research is to evaluate new elites of cherry by the most valuable economic and biological traits and to select promising for production and breeding use. In recent years, cherries occupy more and more areas, thanks to the development of winter-hardy, disease-resistant varieties. However, of the available variety diversity in the State Register of the Russian Federation only a small part of cherries is suitable for cultivation in the Middle Volga region. This article presents the results of the primary study of 12 elite forms of cherry in comparison with control varieties Chermashnaya (early maturity) and Fatezh (medium maturity) for the last 4 years from 2019 to 2022. The indicators of winter hardiness, productivity, resistance to diseases and pests, maturity and fruit quality of cherries were studied. The elites characterized by high winter hardiness, productivity (20 and more kg per tree), large fruit size (over 5 g), excellent taste (over 4.5 points) were identified. Elite forms of cherry resistant to moniliosis and weakly damaged by cherry fly were identified. According to the results of primary varietal study in the state variety trials in 2021–2023 transferred 3 varieties of cherry Nyusha, Olechka and Lisa.

The excrements of various animal groups provide a biological cycle of substances in ecosystems. As a result of the decomposition of undigested residues of organic mass of plant and animal origin, an acceleration of the release (leaching) of nutrients for plants has been revealed, which are again involved in the biological cycle and used by plants to create a new organic mass. The article considers some properties and indicators of animal excrement, conditionally divided by trophic characteristics into phytophagous (moose, white hare), omnivorous (bear, wild boar) and predators (fox, wolf). The chemical composition of different groups of animals has a characteristic difference and depends on nutrition. And as a result of the accumulative function of humic substances during the decomposition of excrement in soils, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and other elements necessary for the vital activity of plants and microorganisms accumulate in the form of organic compounds. Phytophages and partly omnivorous terrestrial mammals play an important role in the transformation and mineralization of plant organic matter and actually act as indirect reducers in ecosystems (in this case, the assessment was carried out at the entrance and exit from the animal's body and the splitting of organic matter is considered as a function of this organism). Predatory animals take part in the circulation of substances to a lesser extent than phytophages and omnivores, transforming and mineralizing mainly protein substances. In the future, undigested residues are only crushed, but not decomposed material and its further processing is carried out independently of animals, that is, outside their organisms.

The purpose of our study was to study the dynamics of the water quality of the Velikaya River estuary in the growing season of 2023 according to a number of hydrochemical and hydrobiological indicators. The data of one-year hydrochemical and sanitary-microbiological monitoring of a natural reservoir, the mouth of the Velikaya River, are presented. The water area was studied based on data from the analysis of 5 stations. 21 hydrochemical indicators were determined. The water quality class has been determined according to the water pollution index. The sanitary and microbiological monitoring included the determination of OHMS of allochthonous and autochthonous microflora. It followed from the results that the reservoir is experiencing bacterial pressure largely than chemical pressure. The geological features of the region explain the exceeded hardness value, and natural processes and pollution of the reservoir may cause the increased values of BOD-5 in some seasons. The values of the integrated pollution assessment were in the range of 1,88–2,29. Water quality is characterized in the transitional value of water quality class III–IV. According to the water assessment, according to the average indicators of bacterial contamination, the waters were classified as moderately polluted, but in the summer at one point, the water samples were classified as polluted. The waters are characterized as "moderately polluted", which corresponds to an average concentration of hydromicrobiota in the order of 10³ (CFU)/ml.

The article is devoted to the analysis of stone arrows discovered as a result of archaeological excavations of settlements of the Garin Chalcolithic culture in the Middle Kama region. The basis of the study is a typological analysis, in addition, the characteristics of secondary processing, metric parameters, proportions and a description of raw materials are given. As a result of the work, 578 specimens of whole and fragmented arrows from seven sites were analyzed. The studied items were made from raw materials of local origin using the technology of secondary bifacial thinning. The absolute majority of finished arrows shapes have a leaf-shaped shape with various variations in the design of the base, in addition, pentagonal tips with a concave or truncated base are common. Other types of products (willow-leaved, triangular, rhombic and petiolate) are less common. Such arrows shapes are typical of the Garin culture and can be found in the materials of most of the Chalcolithic sites of the Upper and Middle Kama region. On the territory of the Lower Kama region, the Kamsko-Vyatka interfluve and the European Northeast, similar forms of leaf-shaped and rhombic tools are known. At the same time, pentagonal, triangular and willow-leaved tips are less common and, most often, are represented by single specimens. The results of the study show that the technology of bifacial cleavage was widely developed in the Upper and Middle Kama region during the Chalcolithic era. It is likely that the traditions of the production of bifacial tools were formed in the process of cultural interaction. The information obtained during the research requires further understanding and reflection.

Some regions of Ancient Hellas, located on the border of the barbarian and Greek worlds and lagging behind in political and cultural terms, sought to prove their «Greek» origin in one way or another. This was especially true of the royal dynasties, which, deriving their genealogy from mythical heroes, thereby substantiated their claims to Greek origin. A similar example is the Molossian dynasty of the Aeacids, ruling in Epirus, which traced its origins to the mythical hero Neoptolemus, son of Achilles. This happened at a time when Epirus and the ruling dynasty emerged from the historical shadows and began to participate more actively in pan-Greek affairs. The main source for this was the stories from the Trojan War, telling of the return of the heroes after the defeat of Troy. Often, representatives of the royal dynasty were given the names of mythical heroes at birth, which was supposed to serve as confirmation of their high origin. Over time, the genealogy of the Molossian kings was supplemented and expanded by introducing new mythological persons. During the reign of King Pyrrhus, his wife Lanassa was included in the heroic genealogy of the Molossian kings. The name Neoptolemus was also borne by two real persons in Epirus history, but their fates were not happy.

This article publishes for the first time the first results of interdisciplinary research of the archaeological monument of the Late Middle Ages – the New Age of the Nyrymposlor 2 burial ground, conducted in 2020–2021. As a result of comprehensive studies of the monument, it was possible to trace the funeral rite of the aborigines of the North, namely the position of the buried, the location of the accompanying inventory, the attire of the buried. In addition to archaeological and anthropological approaches in the study of the ancient burial ground, the specialists applied the method of paleosurface science. In particular, special attention was paid by scientists to a local elevation (hereinafter referred to as mounds) of a secondary nature, on which ancient grave depressions visible in modern relief were located. On the basis of morphological and physico-chemical indicators, the diagnosis of the burial mound was carried out, which subsequently allowed us to obtain confirmation in favor of the artificial, rather than the natural (natural) origin of the burial site, on which the ancient population of the north of Western Siberia was compactly buried, starting at least from the XVI century AD. From the point of view of the practical approach of artificial embankment formation, the researchers hypothesize that river sand could be used as the only material for the embankment in the immediate vicinity of the watercourse, which was previously manually «dragged and poured» onto the future site of the burial ground by ancient people. As a result of interdisciplinary research, an assumption is put forward about the allocation of a special type of monument – the Nyrymposlor 2 burial ground, which have no analogues and have been identified in the modern territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

The article analyzes the reaction of the House of Burgesses of Virginia and the colonial public to the adoption of the Stamp Act of 1765. The subject of the study is specific measures of Virginian legislators that were aimed at forming protest sentiments towards the new tax. The object of the study is the political background of the adoption of the stamp tax and its connection with the desire of the British authorities to cover the national debt at the expense of new sources. Special attention is paid to the study of specific initiatives of Virginian legislators who managed to turn the campaign for the repeal of the Stamp Act into a protest of the broad masses of the colony's population. Special role is given to the consideration of some documentary sources that help to form a comprehensive picture of the development of opposition sentiments in Virginia in 1765. The study reflects the reaction of the Virginia Legislative Assembly to the adoption of the Stamp Act of 1765, which showed the presence of a certain parity between radically minded members of the assembly and supporters of a moderate and balanced reaction to changes in tax legislation. An important circumstance reflected in the study is the reaction to the adoption of the Stamp Act of 1765 by the wealthiest families of Virginia, which demonstrated their real control not only over the opposition, but also over the entire political process of the province as a whole.

In the world wars of the 20th century, artillery became the branch of the armed forces whose actions inflicted the greatest damage on the enemy. During the Great Patriotic War, the specific weight and significance of the Soviet artillery of the Supreme High Command Reserve grew continuously, solving not only tactical but also operational combat tasks and, during the third period of the war, ensuring a breakthrough of the enemy defense in the offensive operations of the Red Army. The first European country liberated by Soviet troops was Romania. The main role in this was played by the troops of the 2nd Ukrainian Front, which in March–October 1944 carried out the Uman-Botoşani, Jassy-Kishinev, Bucharest-Arad and Debrecen offensive operations. They included the 11th artillery division of the Supreme High Command Reserve, which was operationally subordinate first to the 7th Guards and then to the 27th Army. The combat actions of the soldiers and officers of the 11th Artillery Division were distinguished by skill, courage and high efficiency. During the Jassy-Kishinev Operation, the fire of their guns crushed the Romanian defense and ensured its rapid breakthrough by infantry and tanks. The 11th Artillery Division acted just as effectively in defense during the September battles in Northern Transylvania during the Bucharest-Arad Operation. In both defensive and offensive combat actions during all four operations of the 2nd Ukrainian Front, which resulted in the complete liberation of Romania from the Nazis, the 11th Artillery Division of the Supreme High Command Reserve demonstrated firepower and high maneuverability, thereby making a significant contribution to the success of the front's troops.

The terrorist attack that took place in New York on September 11, 2001 and led to thousands of deaths at the beginning of the 21st century, changed diplomatic relations between countries around the world, as well as changed relations with the Arab people in the United States of America. The United States needed to take measures to control the Arab population both in America and around the world. Members of the U.S. House of Representatives presented measures to counter terrorists, such as banning the sale of weapons to countries harboring terrorists, catching and punishing criminals, and establishing friendly relations with Russia and China. The article analyzes these measures, as well as the FBI's activities in relation to the Arab diaspora in the United States after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Separately, the author considered the interaction of the United States of America and Russia in the issue of deterring terrorism in the world. In the article, the author reviewed the following materials: the archives of the George W. Bush administration, the FBI archives, the archives of the New York Police Department, as well as the assessment of diplomats, sociologists, historians, anthropologists of the United States of America, who were eyewitnesses and unwitting observers of the ongoing processes in the world.

The article poses four fundamental questions, the answers to which will allow us to answer the question stated in the title of the article: Who is responsible at school for the formation of the competence to protect the Motherland, patriotic culture: the first question: is the problem of protecting the Motherland subject, or it is built to be considered as an interdisciplinary, intersubject, integrative problem, in the solution of which all subjects of the school curriculum will be involved; the second question is how to organize the educational (upbringing) process of forming a patriotic culture at school? the third question is related to the assessment of the achievement of the predicted result – the formation of patriotic culture; and finally, the fourth question is which of the teachers is responsible for the formation of the competence to defend the Motherland: this is the teacher of a separate subject, for example, the subject of the «Fundamentals of security and protection of the Motherland», or the entire teaching staff of the school? The article attempts to answer the questions posed from the point of view of scientific publications in philosophy, psychology and pedagogy, a socio-pedagogical study of the attitude of teachers to the introduction of the updated course «Fundamentals of security and protection of the Motherland», to the problem of the formation of patriotic culture and experience of pedagogical activity in the field of patriotic education.

A steady trend in recent decades has been the strengthening of the mathematical component in the training of specialists in various economic areas and profiles. This trend is growing due to the digitalization of the economy and the widespread introduction of artificial intelligence systems. This article analyzes a complex set of problems associated with the formation of mathematical competencies of graduates of economic universities when training personnel for the digital economy. The authors note that obtaining these competencies is associated both with issues of the quality of specialist training and with the career expectations of graduates. The mathematical cycle disciplines are basic in the training of economists and managers. Confident mastery of mathematical fundamentals allows a student to successfully master economic disciplines at undergraduate and graduate level, making him competitive in the labor market. Fundamental mathematical disciplines are not of a clearly applied economic nature, but at the same time many of the concepts and methods contained in them can be used in solving practical economic problems. This work is devoted to a description of the relevant sections of the basic mathematics course and a discussion of the creation of an electronic educational manual for the study of these economic applications. The study examines the implementation of the process of constructing a network version of an electronic textbook, identifies its structural components, and provides a justification for an integrated approach to its design. An algorithm for selecting and constructing the content of the manual is proposed, thesauri of the basic disciplines of the mathematical cycle are built, connections are established between them, as well as with thesauri of specialized disciplines, a semantic model of the manual is developed, presented in the form of a directed graph, which determines the topics of problems with economic content. The materials of this work can form the basis for the creation of electronic textbooks in various subject areas.

This article considers the features of euphemisms as a lexical group as well as possibilities of their application in the process of development professional communication skills in foreign language classes in higher education institutions. The purpose of the article is to describe practical methodological tasks that are effective for studying this lexical group and to argue the effectiveness of its application to expand the active lexical stock. The article substantiates the relevance of studying different lexical groups by students of non-linguistic specialties: general professional terms, highly specialized terms, euphemisms, onyms and some others. Particular attention is paid to euphemisms due to the relevance of their application for the development of professional communication and solving professional tasks in a foreign language. The ability to consciously carry out paraphrasing, softening critical remarks, introducing other constructions, changing the style of communication, pursuing a pronounced communicative task, reflects the higher level of the necessary competencies. As a result, consideration the essentialities of euphemisms is sufficient for mastering the skill of professional communication. The ability of students to find situations and statements in which euphemization is necessary, the ability to formulate a statement in oral and written speech grammatically and logically correctly will demonstrate the effectiveness of training sessions.

The article examines and analyzes the experience of the Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education under the Startup as a Diploma program, which has been implemented in Russian universities since 2019. Within its framework, graduate students – future teachers develop educational business projects, presenting and defending them in the form of final qualification papers. The author of the article shares his experience in leading the preparation and defense of a thesis in the form of a startup by students of the Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science of the Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education. It was based on a project to create and market an educational and methodological manual with electronic support for teaching a propaedeutic course «Introduction to Physics» in elementary school. The manual presents the author's program of the summer physical school for students in grades 1–4, lesson summaries and accompanying illustrative materials. In addition to the theoretical and practical aspects of pedagogical research, the final qualification paper in the form of a startup contains a financial and economic justification for the project, the development of which was carried out with the support of specialists in this field. The analysis of the results of the experiment on the introduction of the methodology of final certification of graduates based on the program «Startup as a diploma» in the Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education allowed the author of the article to identify the positive and negative aspects of its implementation in a pedagogical university.

The modern education system is characterized by increasing demands for the quality and effectiveness of the educational process (including postgraduate studies), which actualizes the need to use scientifically based methodological approaches to the design and implementation of educational programs. In this context, the integration of fractal-resonance methodology (FRM) and the concept of pedagogical design (PD) is of particular importance. The article considers the mechanisms of synthesis of neobehavioural, cognitivist and constructivist approaches within the theory and practice of pedagogical design, as well as three key approaches to pedagogical design in the concept of pedagogical design: «from the task», «from the type of activity» and «from educational results», their features, advantages and limitations are analyzed. Fractal-resonance methodology (FRM) of designing the educational process is based on the principles borrowed from the theory of fractals and the concept of resonance. The article considers the essence of this methodology, its key aspects, principles, possibilities and didactic mechanisms for implementation in the educational process of postgraduate studies. The content of the article analyzes how the application of the four-component model of instructional design (4C/ID), based on Edward Sweller's theory of cognitive load and Richard Mayer's theory of multimedia learning, can improve the educational process in graduate school and help students effectively cope with the topics studied.

The article reveals the goals and content of the project activities of foreign students studying in the field of 45.03.01 Philology (profile: Teaching Russian as a Foreign Language), organized on the basis of the principle of dialogue of cultures as the leading one in modern foreign language education. Dialogue of cultures as a principle of professional training for future teachers of Russian as a foreign/non-native language needs to be specified both at the level of goals and at the level of implementation technologies. Taking into account the requirements of the professiogram of a teacher of Russian as a foreign language, the goal of professional training is pedagogically significant intercultural competence, constructed on the basis of the principle of dialogue of cultures, as the ability to carry out pedagogical activities based on the principle of dialogue of cultures, to broadcast a foreign language culture and introduce it to it, teaching the language taking into account the principles of cross-cultural didactics. The achievement of this goal is facilitated by the project activities of students, organized as an educational analogue of the activities of a bilingual teacher to implement the principle of dialogue of cultures in the practice of teaching languages. The article describes a model for organizing project activities of foreign philology students using the example of project activities organized in the process of studying the discipline «Teaching RFL in the aspect of cross-cultural education» at the Ogarev National Research Mordovia State University.

This scientific publication presents a retrospective of important issues related to the education of the Crimean Tatar woman in the 19th – early 20th centuries. In the presented key, the authors rely on an impressive base of archival documents and research of contemporaries. Today, the stated topic sounds no less acute than a century ago, despite the presence of a policy of proletarianization of Islamic women. Modern Russia, all other things being equal, being one of the leading powers, preaches gender equality and the maximum involvement of Muslim women in the educational, cultural and scientific world in order to disseminate the main ideas of progress in the social environment. A woman-mother was, is and will remain the main link between a child and the world. A competent and innovative presentation of today, its prospects and possible results are a kind of roadmap, which the younger generation of society is called upon to provide. Involvement of historical retrospective in the issue under consideration will help contemporaries find the most rational ways to solve the problem not only from the point of view of scientific approaches, but also practical application, which again emphasizes the relevance of the stated topic. Historical experience in the context of the education of a Muslim woman, at the origins of which stood Ismail bey Gasprinsky, deserves serious and comprehensive study.