Vol 13, No 3 (2024)

This article presents the results of a study of the effect of copper ions at concentrations of 0,01–0,16 mg/dm³ in laboratory conditions on the stability of the highest aquatic plant, the submerged hornwort. Despite the fact that copper is a biophilic element, all the studied ion concentrations of this element had a negative effect on plant weight gain and the value of the relative parameter of delayed chlorophyll fluorescence already on the first day of exposure. During a seven-day toxicological experiment, the suppression of plant growth when exposed to a toxicant increased. The greatest decrease in the relative parameter of delayed fluorescence compared with the control in all studied concentrations of copper ions was observed on the first day of the experiment. However, after a long period of stay of the hornwort in a toxic environment, its partial adaptation occurs, as a result of which some parts of this plant retain photosynthetic activity. It was found that plants retain their viability up to a concentration of 0,02 mg/dm³ corresponding to 20 MPC in the waters of fisheries facilities. Concentrations of 0,04 mg/dm³ and higher already on the first day led to the loss of leaves. The plant's resistance to the action of copper ions allows it to be considered as a potential phytoremediant of waters contaminated with compounds of this element.

Close attention to the study of blood-sucking arthropods (ixodes ticks) in the Middle Volga region can be attributed to the forties of the XX century. Among the widespread and rather extensive group of arthropods, parasitiform mites of the genus Ixodes are assigned. It is known that ixodic ticks are of particular interest as carriers and long-term keepers of pathogens of various natural focal diseases: tick-borne encephalitis virus (VCE), ixodic tick-borne borreliosis (ICB), tularemia, human monocytic ehrlichiosis, etc. Currently, there is a tendency in the region to replace some species with others, and as a result, relocation and changing the boundaries of previously familiar habitats. In the acarifauna of the Republic of Tatarstan there are species: Ixodes persulcatus Schulze, 1930; Ixodes ricinus Linnaeus, 1758; Dermacentor reticulatus Fabricius, 1794; Ixodes lividus Koch, 1844; Dermacentor marginatus Sulzer, 1776; Dermacentor silvarum Olenev, 1931; Dermacentor nuttalli Olenev, 1928; Ixodes trianguliceps Birula, 1895 and others. Anthropogenic transformation of natural plantations dynamically affects zoogeography and the spread of vectors of natural focal infections (I. persulcatus, I. ricinus). Complex transformative processes are taking place to replace populations of the taiga tick I. persulcatus with its competitive, ecologically close species, the forest tick I. ricinus. This contributes to the epidemic and epizootic valence of natural foci.

The paper considers the issues of sustainability of oak stands in the changing climate of Donbass. It was found that the general condition of Quercus robur L. was assessed on the territory of the arboretum of the Donetsk Botanical Garden (experimental oak forests) as unsatisfactory, with serious violations in the structure of dendrocoenosis, which can lead to degradation of the ecotope. For the rest of the territories, the condition of the pedunculate oak trees is assessed as good. Plants show high resistance to anthropogenic loads, including pyramid-shaped trees. The fluctuating asymmetry of leaf plates as an indicator of plant resistance correlates with the condition of woody plants, and there are also prerequisites for the assertion that with the degree of damage to the leaf apparatus by dendrophilous insects. In turn, pests affect the stability of the development of the pedunculate oak in various ecotopes of the city of Donetsk. It was found that the characteristic damage of the oak broad-spreading moth Acrocercops brongniardella (Fabricius, 1798) leads to a decrease in the useful area of the leaf, which affects the deterioration of photosynthetic activity and photochemical efficiency (quantum yield of fluorescence). It was found that the level of minimum fluorescence for leaf plates without pest damage is on average 20,5% higher and reflects the amount of chlorophyll in the vegetative organ.

In the intensification of the horticulture industry, the main role is assigned to clonal low-growing rootstocks. Green cuttings are the main method of propagation of clonal rootstocks of stone crops. The basis of green cutting technology is the biological ability of plants to regenerate. The technology of rooting green cuttings is based on the cultivation of whole plants from leafy stem cuttings due to the formation of new adventitious roots. The research was conducted at the Research Institute of Horticulture and Medicinal Plants «Zhigulevskie Sady» in the period from 2021 to 2023. Green cuttings of rootstock forms were planted in a greenhouse with an area of 18 m², coated with cellular polycarbonate. The microclimate in the greenhouse was maintained with the help of an ultrasonic fog-forming unit operating daily from 7 a.m. to 8 p.m. The object of the study was 10 clonal rootstock forms for cherries and cherries, including VSL-2 [Cherry BS-2 (R. frutikosa Pall.) × L-2 (P. lannesiana Wils.)], LC-52 (Lyubskaya × Cerapadus No. 1), TSH-32 (Cerapadus No. 1 × Black Consumer goods), groups of Logri rootstocks (Cherry-cherry Kalitvyanka × Chinese Dwarf cherry (P. pseudocerasus) under the following numbers: 61–72, 61–701, 61–70, 61–12, 61–740, 61–16, 61–718; 5 rootstock molds for plum and apricot – Best, Best-2 (Low Microfiche × Cherry plum (M. besseyi × P. cerasifera), BBA-1 (Felt microfiche (P. tomentosa Thunb.) × Cherry plum (P. cerasifera Ehrh.), VPK-1 [(Low Microfiche × Karzinskaya Plum (M. besseyi × (P. nigra × P. americana)] and Eureka 99 [Vishnesliva Sapa (P. pumila L. × P. salicina Lindl) × cherry plum Excellent student (P. cerasifera Ehrh.)]. To increase the percentage of rooting, cuttings were pretreated with root formation stimulants. Cuttings were soaked in an aqueous solution of Kornevin (0,6 g/l) or Heteroauxin (100 mg/l) for 16–18 hours before planting to increase rooting. Rooting of green cuttings of clonal rootstocks of fruit crops was carried out in a greenhouse at an air temperature of +30…+35°C, almost 100% relative humidity, and a soil temperature of +25…+30°C. Green cuttings were planted in a greenhouse in a substrate according to the scheme 7 × 5 cm to a depth of 2–3 cm. With this planting scheme, up to 280 cuttings were planted per 1 m². The optimal cuttings period, treatment of cuttings with root formation stimulants, creation of a nutrient substrate with good water-physical properties in the greenhouse, uninterrupted operation of the fog-forming plant, carrying out leaf fertilizing ensured high yield, growth and development of rooted plants per unit area. The best result of rooting green cuttings was shown by clonal cherry rootstocks from the Logri family (Horse mane) – 61–72, 61–718, 61–740, 61–16 (85,0%, 87,0%, 89,7% and 90,0% respectively); plums VVA-1 – 80,0% and Best-2 – 82,9%. The lowest percentage of the yield of rooted plants was obtained from cherry rootstocks TSH-32 – 46,4%, plum rootstocks Eureka 99 – 57,1% and VPK-1 – 31,6%.

The article presents data on the study of the marmot bobak colony (Marmota bobak, Muller, 1776) conducted in publicly accessible territories during the spring of 2022–2024 in the Isaklinsky District of the Samara Region. The studied marmot colonies are located in the vicinity of the village of Verbovka, their coordinates were not previously noted by researchers, as well as Marmota bobak colonies near the villages of Smolkovo and Novaya Chesnokovka. The features of the burrow topography in these colonies is considered in the study. Most of the burrows are located on the hills of the western, southwestern, southeastern and southern exposures. The features of the location of family plots in these colonies of the steppe marmot and the likely ways of further distribution of individuals are studied. The level of anxiety of the steppe marmot in four colonies and their dependence on the presence of an asphalt road, a reservoir, traces of poaching and other traces of human activity were analyzed. The relationship between the behaviour of steppe marmots and the presence of cattle grazing in the immediate vicinity of colonies has been revealed. The average number of steppe marmot individuals in the studied colonies was calculated and compared with the regional coefficient established in 2009.

The article presents the results of a four-year study of 29 accessions of St. John's wort of different geographical origin under the conditions of cultivation in the middle taiga subzone of the Komi Republic. High winter hardiness of St. John's wort plants of the first and second years of life was revealed. A significant decrease in winter hardiness of most of the studied accessions (up to 41–68%) was noted in the third and fourth years of plant overwintering. Five winter-hardy accessions were identified: Tallinn 885 and 886 (100%), Yoshkar-Ola, Oslo 219 and Tallinn 888 (90%). It was found that all plants of St. John's wort grown by seedlings enter the generative period in the second year of life, regularly bloom and bear fruit. The study of the seasonal development of St. John's wort showed that accessions of different geographical origin retain the phenological rhythms characteristic of this species. Plants of St. John's wort perforated are characterized by long periods of flowering (39–57) and fruiting (37–59 days). The vegetation period of most samples, depending on the weather conditions of the season, lasts 126–142 days. One sample, Tallinn 885, stood out with a shorter vegetation period (100–128 days). The morphometric characteristics of the generative shoot of all samples in plants of the second to fourth years of life are given. The maximum indicators of the floral part of the shoot were noted in the Barnaul, Yoshkar-Ola, Syktyvkar, Tallinn 885 samples, the minimum – in the Solnechny and Leipzig 379 varieties. The plants reached their maximum development in the third year of life. The total content of hypericin and pseudohypericin (0,04–0,06%) in St. John's wort plants of different geographical origins was determined. A high content of flavonols (4,8–5,8%) was found in the above-ground raw phytomass of the studied St. John's wort samples of different geographical origins.

The ceramic complexes of the regions indicated in the name of the work in the early and/or developed Neolithic are represented by vessels decorated with pricks of various shapes. Sometimes this system of ornamentation coexists with the tradition of making impressions of a comb stamp, nail-like notches and unornamented dishes, but it always forms an essential part of the collection of a particular site. In this article, we tried to consider whether the presence of a ringed ornament is a sufficient criterion for attributing materials to a single culture. Previously, we carried out direct work with ceramic collections of most of the main sites of the Middle Volga region, Kama region, Kamsko-Vyatka and Sursko-Moksha interfluves. Their grouping was carried out on the basis of typological, formal classification and statistical methods, and the results were published. We used the results to calculate the coefficient of similarity between the monuments. An analysis of compliance and the main components was also carried out. The data obtained during the application of these three approaches do not contradict each other. They allow us to substantiate the possibility of dividing the studied monuments into two cultural traditions: the Volga-Kama forest and the Middle Volga forest-steppe. It is also acceptable to raise the issue of distinguishing local variants within the framework of the designated definitions: in the Volga-Kama (Mari, Nizhnekamsk and Kama-Vyatka), as well as two within the boundaries of the Middle Volga culture (Volga and Sursko-Moksha). At the same time, their name, content and exact areas should be clarified in the course of further study. The proposed conclusions will help resolve terminological contradictions that arise when working with Neolithic ceramic complexes of the Volga region, the Kama region and some adjacent regions.

The work is devoted to the history of the study of the Krasnomost type monuments of the final Neolithic of the forest zone of the Middle Volga. Two stages are distinguished in the study of the Krasnomost type materials. At the first stage (the second half of the 1970s – middle 1990s), the main corpus of sources on this issue was formed and the cultural and chronological position of the Krasnomost materials among the Neolithic-Eneolithic complexes of the Volga-Kama region was determined. The most controversial issue during this period was the cultural status of the Krasnomost materials. At the second stage (the end of the 1990s – the present), there is a reduction in field work on the study of Krasnomostovsky monuments, the main attention is paid to the problem of the origin of the complexes of the final Neolithic and their participation in the formation of the Middle Volga version of the Volosovo cultural and historical community. During this period, data on radiocarbon dating and the results of technical and technological analysis of ceramic dishes began to be used to solve issues related to the problem of the genesis of Krasnomostov materials. To date, as a result of the work of the research team, the origin, time of existence and further fate of the Krasnomostov complexes have been determined. The most pressing issue is the relationship with cultural formations of adjacent territories.

In 1884, Merv was joined to the Russian Empire. The joining of Merv was one of the final stages in the annexation of Central Asia as a whole and its integration into the Russian Empire. This process is reflected in an extensive historiography, among which there are works close to the topic of this article. In this regard, the question arises about the preparation of the accession of the Merv. This issue is reflected in the «Collection of geographical, topographic and statistical materials on Asia». The purpose of the research in this article is the status of the Merv Khans in the publications of the «Collection of geographical, topographic and statistical materials on Asia» for 1883. It is interesting in this regard that a special consideration of the issue of the Merv Khans was undertaken by the engineer, and later by the diplomat and N.V. Charykov's successor P.M. Lessar on the eve of the annexation of Merv. At the same time, P.M. Lessar did not question the status of the khans in other territories of Central Asia. The question of the status of the Merv Khans was not abstract and theoretical but had important practical significance. Due to the need to establish order in Merv, it was necessary to understand whether it was possible to resolve this issue without joining Merv by reaching an agreement with the Khan of Merv. In any case, P.M. Lessar believed that the accession of Merv was inevitable. Having raised questions at the beginning of the article about whether the Merv supreme khans have real authority and whether they are able to guarantee compliance with agreements with the Russian administration on the organization of life of the local population, which excluded robbery and other antisocial phenomena, he formulated a conclusion, only negative answers are possible to all these questions. P.M. Lessar, who studied the issue of the organization of power in Merv, concluded that the status of the supreme khan was nominal there and identified factors that hindered the organization of a systemic order in principle.

The presented article is devoted to the analysis of the scientific activity of the famous Russian medical scientist and microbiologist Zinaida Vissarionovna Ermolyeva (1898–1974) in the structure of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR. The article recreates the history of the emergence of the highest scientific institution of medical science in the country, characterizes its structure and purpose. The entry of Z.V. Ermolyeva into the structure of this academy is analyzed, first as a corresponding member, and then as a full member; the dates of election are set, as well as scientists and institutions that recommended her among the academicians of medicine. The main attention is paid to the most significant, main areas of research that Z.V. Ermolyeva conducted on behalf of the Presidium of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR. Several particular examples of the scientist's research work carried out during the 1950s and 1960s are given. These are mainly issues of studying antibiotics: their experimental and clinical research, as well as the development of the most rational ways of using them in medical practice. The members of the research teams within which Z.V. Ermolyeva conducted research initiated by the Academy are being identified. In addition to published sources, the work uses documents from federal archives: the Russian State Archive of Economics and the Russian State Archive of Scientific and Technical Documentation.

This article examines the problem of building a safe and reliable educational environment in a university that ensures not only the safety of educational subjects, but also the reliability of the entire educational system of the higher education organization. The main approaches to understanding the essence, content and structure of the educational environment of a university are analyzed, the relationships between the concepts of safety, psychological safety, digital educational environment, problems of their mutual influence and interdependence are considered. For the first time, the safety and reliability of the educational environment are considered in their relationship, as properties of a single educational system that ensures the effectiveness of the higher education organization during its reform and a necessary condition for maintaining and improving its quality. The article presents the results of a monitoring study of the satisfaction of educational entities (students, academic staff and employers) with the educational environment of the university, assessments of its safety and reliability, attitudes towards the introduction of innovations into the educational process system, caused by the need to respond to the challenges of modernity and reflecting the advanced scientific developments of domestic pedagogy, correlated with the dialectical unity of the need to achieve mobility of the higher education system, its flexibility and openness to new trends and at the same time ensuring its sustainability and reliability in achieving priority educational goals.

The relevance of the topic is motivated by the need to understand the problem of educating students with the truth and in the truth, the solution of which depends in particular on the teacher's knowledge of the content of the concepts of «truth» and «truthfulness». The authors of the article understand the content of the concepts of «truth» and «truthfulness», referring to the descriptions of the corresponding lexemes in the dictionaries of the Russian and French languages, to the interpretation of the concepts present in a few specialized dictionaries, and also taking into account the functioning of the concepts in modern scientific and classical ethical and philosophical texts. It is shown that ethicists use the concept of «truth» in the meanings of the principle of morality, value, order of being and human relations; the concept of «truthfulness» – in the meanings of moral quality and quality of the soul (virtue), human characteristics, moral rules, and values. The essence of the value conflict inherent in the situation of «lies out of necessity» or «lies for salvation» is explained. As a result of understanding the ideas of thinkers and philosophers of Ancient Greece about truth and truthfulness, it is revealed that Hesiod and Orpheus use the word «truth» as a proper name – the name of the goddess Dike (Truth) to denote justice and retribution, order in nature and the seasons; Heraclitus – in the meaning of fair retribution, justice; Parmenides – justice; Protagoras – virtue; Plato – good; Aristotle – sentence and retribution. Plato uses the word «truthfulness» in the meaning of the ability to commit an act; Aristotle – virtue. Knowledge of the content of the concepts «truth» and «truthfulness» is important for the theory of education in the part related to the substantiation of the cultural content of education by truth and in truth, for the practice of education – in the part related not only to the definition, but also to the development of methods of education by truth. The authors insist that one of such methods of education by truth and in truth should be the method of practical moral instructions, in particular, contained in the sayings of the Seven Sages of Antiquity, in the exhortatory works of the Stoa and other classical judgments on the proper life.

Professional training of future officers (including officers of the military band service) is a key aspect of the functioning of modern higher military education, ensuring the formation and development of highly qualified specialists capable of effectively performing functional and official duties in the conditions (realities) of military service. An important place in this professional training is occupied by pedagogical conditions that are implemented in the educational (training and upbringing) process of the military university and serve as the basis for the formation of professional competencies, personal and professionally significant qualities of future military leaders. This article considers various domestic and foreign approaches to defining the essence of the professionalism of a military conductor, and also reveals the substantive and structural filling of the concept of pedagogical conditions necessary for the professional training of future officers, and analyzes their key features. In the article, the professionalism of a military musician is considered as a complex phenomenon that includes military-physical, musical-technical, creative and pedagogical aspects; the necessity of creating special pedagogical conditions for its formation in the context of functioning of military higher education institutions is substantiated; the key components of the educational process of a military higher education institution that influence the effectiveness of professional training of future officers of the military band service to perform service tasks are analyzed.

The expediency of appealing to the fundamental patterns of transformation of natural and social objects in explaining the transition of giftedness from the level of «natural talent» to the level of «ability» is substantiated. The issue of transformation of the little-studied phenomenon of «duo-vectoral giftedness» in the context of a broader concept of «giftedness» is considered. An attempt is made to reveal the mechanisms of changes in the natural gift of a child, the fundamental nature of which allows us to make an assumption about why the tendency of types of giftedness is natural to manifest itself not in a single field of activity, but remaining interconnected, forming stable duo-vector pairs. The author clarifies the concepts of «duo-vectorial talent», «natural talent», «duo-vectorial abilities». The interpretations of the concept «transformation» in cybernetics, biology, psychology, pedagogy are given in the perspective of the initial formulations and in the projection on the studied phenomenon of duo-vectorial giftedness, in its dynamics and various manifestations. They show: the absence of contradictions between the scientific substantiation of the emerging concept of transformation of duo-vectorial giftedness of preschool children and already known scientific concepts of the phenomenon of «transformation». Based on the materials of the article, the transformation of a child's natural gift into a duo-vector giftedness of the «ability» level is characterized as a process of behavior change based on the fundamental patterns of the existence of complex objects and guided by pedagogical technology, manifested in its transition to a qualitatively new level in two interrelated spheres.

The article analyzes and systematizes changes in methods of teaching vocal art in the context of modern music education in China. The musical art of China is currently attracting the interest of the public and various specialists. Since the beginning of the 20th century. Techniques and techniques from various Western music schools are being actively introduced into vocal training programs. The work examines how vocal classes adapt to modern artistic movements and trends. In addition, there will be an emphasis on innovation and experimentation in learning that offsets traditional approaches, allowing students to develop a unique artistic identity. The purpose of the work is to determine the key factors influencing modern methods of teaching vocals in higher educational institutions in China, taking into account global trends in the field of art and education. To achieve the goal, the works of various Chinese and Russian specialists in the field of musical art and vocals were studied. The study of theoretical material, teaching experience, training programs in modern universities has led to the conclusion that the modern vocal school uses many techniques, methods and tools. The process of vocal education has come a long way of evolution, in which traditional approaches are successfully combined with innovative practices. Modern teachers actively use innovative methods, modern technologies, monitor and implement various foreign methodologies.

In the context of rapid development of science, technology, and the professional sphere, the requirements for highly qualified specialists are constantly increasing. In the modern educational space, professional and personal development of postgraduate students has become an important topic for discussion in various scientific fields, especially in the context of the polyparadigmality of their pedagogical support. The purpose of the article: to analyze the key aspects of variability in the professional and personal development of postgraduate students and to determine approaches to their pedagogical support that take into account the diversity of modern educational paradigms. The article considers the key aspects of polyparadigmality in higher education pedagogy; the role and significance of the polyparadigm approach in pedagogical support of professional and personal development of postgraduate students, as well as its influence on their professional and personal growth; The article presents the concept of polyparadigmatic pedagogical support, which, based on the key ideas of various paradigms (paradigm of subjectivity, paradigm of social learning and behavior modeling; paradigm of metacognition; cognitive-behavioral paradigm, humanistic paradigm, connectivist paradigm; information-digital paradigm; personality-oriented paradigm, constructivist paradigm, competence paradigm, etc.), can offer a variety of approaches, strategies, methods, technologies for variable pedagogical support of postgraduate students in their professional socialization. At the end of the article, the following conclusion is made: polyparadigmatic pedagogical support of professional and personal development of postgraduate students should reflect an objectively determined, appropriate synthesis of various paradigms, providing an integrated approach to the personal and individual development of students.