Vol 13, No 1 (2024)

The article presents the results of the study of the peculiarities of the existing vegetation cover on the territory of the Kipchak archaeological complex (Republic of Bashkortostan). The data of ecological and botanical description are presented, which contribute to the interpretation of the natural state of vegetation groupings on the territory where archaeological surveys are conducted. The investigated burial ground and settlement are part of the objects of the Kipchak archaeological complex and are located near the village of Kipchakovo. The article includes a list of vascular plants that were discovered and described in this area during the survey in 2022, indicating their relevance to the trial areas of the Kipchak archaeological complex. According to the survey data the most widespread species of vascular plants were identified, they include: Vicia tenuifolia Roth, Fragaria vesca L., Trifolium alpestre L., Galium verum L., Achillea millefolium L., Achillea millefolium L., Dactylis glomerata L., mountain clover Trifolium montanum L., Trifolium medium L., Galium boreale L., Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski. To date, the study area is assessed as slightly disturbed.

In this work, the taxonomic composition, biodiversity, abundance, biomass, ecological features of planktonic algae and water quality in Lake Zaozernoye of the Pskov Region were studied a year after the territory was recognized as a natural monument. A twofold increase in the species richness of plankton was revealed, a two-fold decrease in representatives of the Euglenozoa phylum and a 40% decrease in representatives of Cyanobacteria. 145 phytoplankton taxa ranked below the genus from 8 phylums have been identified: Bacillariophyta (50 species taxa), Chlorophyta (36), Ochrophyta (18), Cyanobacteria (12), Euglenozoa (12), Miozoa (8), Cryptophyta (5) and Charophyta (4). The biomass was dominated by diatoms and cryptophytic algae. Toxic cyanobacteria species Aphanocapsa delicatissima and Aphanothece sp. have been identified among the dominant species in terms of numbers. 2 rare species of algae have been identified for reservoirs in the Northwestern region – Anabaena sphaerica Bornet & Flahault (Cyanobacteria) and Phacus monilatus (A. Stokes) Lemmerman (Euglenozoa). The analysis of species diversity using the Sierensen–Chekanovsky, Shannon, Simpson, and Margalef diversity indices revealed changes in the structure of the plankton community in different areas of the lake. The species composition of Zaozernoye is compared with the lakes closest to it.

The article examines the participation of mammals in the restoration of disturbed ecosystems. Since in a number of regions of the North-West the intensity of anthropogenic load in the form of logging activities does not decrease, and in some cases even increases, the study of the degree of influence of each component of the ecosystem on the restoration of disturbed taiga biogeocoenoses is an urgent problem and requires comprehensive consideration. In the Vologda Oblast, logging activities are aimed at increasing the area of continuous concentrated logging, which have a serious impact on forest biogeocoenoses. Environment-forming (environment-forming or biogeocoenotic activity) animals are the work performed by organisms to implement and regulate any biogeocoenotic processes, in particular, to transform substances and energy, and maintain the equilibrium state of the system. The article considers the most pronounced types of environmental and biogeocoenotic activity of terrestrial mammals – trophic-mechanical (using the example of elk and white hare), excretory (elk, white hare, wild boar, bear, wolf and fox), hard-laying (mole) and digging-loosening (wild boar) in the territories disturbed after logging activities taiga mesoecosystems (logging). It was revealed that as a result of trophomechanical activity, phytophages do not damage the woody phytocoenosis, since the mosaic of habitat and successional processes towards deciduous plants – rowan, aspen and willow, provides phytophagous mammals with food in sufficient quantities. Excretory, excretory-recomposing and digging-loosening activities of mammals support the process of circulation of substances and the flow of energy, which contributes to self-healing, self-purification, self-regulation and increased stability of disturbed forest taiga ecosystems of Vologda Region.

Hybrid seedlings of domestic apple trees for scab resistance were selected at the age of 1–2 years in a breeding nursery after their artificial infection. Transplanted into a breeding garden, the selections were immediately evaluated for winter hardiness, resistance to low extreme temperatures and other factors of the winter period. At the age of 9–10, they were allocated to the elite in terms of taste and fruiting. Elite plants with signs of better taste and high yield from among stable hybrids were selected in the field and on a tasting commission. The qualities of taste and fruiting were dominant in determining the culture of hybrid apple trees in the continental climate characteristic of the Samara Region. Elite seedlings were grown in a nursery on a semi-dwarf rootstock 54–118 and transplanted two-year-olds into a collection garden for primary variety study. The observations were carried out at the Scientific Research Institute of Horticulture and Medicinal Plants «Zhigulevskie Sady» in the village of Malaya Tsarevshchyna. The variety study included a visual and tasting assessment of fruit quality (appearance, taste, size, pulp structure), yield, character, stability and type of fruiting of the tree, assessment of crown shape, general condition of trees, stability of scab resistance and hardiness, and others.

The article examines the state of the drinking Volyntsevo reservoir and its tributaries in conditions of significant changes in the hydraulic regime and pollution by waste mine waters. The state of algoflora of a water body is considered, the results of studying the species composition of phytoplankton, the content of basic photopigments and photosynthetic activity of microalgae are presented. The study presents the results of the application of the method of fluorimetric assessment of the state of phytoplankton cells as the main bioindicator of the state of the aquatic environment. The research was conducted in the vicinity of Yenakievo for the Volyntsevo reservoir and the Bulavin river. These water bodies are subject to significant man-made impacts: as a result of intensive water use of reservoir resources, there has been a significant decrease in water levels and, as a result, a deterioration in water quality. The conducted studies have shown a significant excess of the permissible standards for the content of magnesium ions, sulfates, total hardness and alkalinity in water samples. The negative impact of surface water pollution on the species composition of algoflora, as well as the photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton cells, has been shown. The obtained materials can serve as a basis for further monitoring of drinking reservoirs in the region. The current situation requires constant monitoring observations aimed at identifying and eliminating all sources of pollution of the studied water bodies.

The presented article introduces into scientific circulation the first results of the petrographic study of the Neolithic ceramics of the Luzhki II site. A total of 22 samples from vessels decorated with punctures (8 units), impressions of a comb stamp (9 units), their combination (1 unit), nail-like notches (2 units), as well as only belts of pitted impressions under the cut of the rim (2 units) were analyzed. Petrographic analysis of ceramics allows to establish the mineralogical composition of clays and thickeners, to identify the formulation of ceramic dough, to determine the temperature and firing conditions, as well as to suggest possible sources of raw materials. According to the results of a micromorphological study, two groups of dishes are distinguished in the collection of the Luzhki II site. The first is characterized by the use of sand and chamotte as a cleaner, and for the second, consisting of two samples, only sand. In general, it can be summarized that all the vessels considered are made of thin clays, mainly hydrosluidic with a content of clastic material from 18% to 35%. Sand has always acted as a cleaner, mainly its share is about 45%, the concentration of chamotte does not exceed 20%, its size is 0,7–1,3 mm. The conditions of long-term firing of vessels are stable at a temperature of mainly +700…+800°C in an oxidizing environment.

The article deals with the actual problem of attitude to cultural heritage after the change of the model of social development in Russia in 1917. The contradictory processes of registration and preservation of historical and artistic values are analyzed. Based on archival sources, the activities of the All-Russian Board for the Protection of Monuments of Art and Antiquity and its local branches are shown. The role of scientific and artistic intelligentsia in saving cultural values is emphasized. The characteristics of such representatives as V.N. Peretz, M.N. Tikhomirov, K.K. Romanov, N.G. Porfiridov, L.A. Durnovo, et al are given. It is indicated that many cultural devotees in the difficult post-revolutionary period helped to preserve historical and cultural monuments with their modest work. Using their example, a collective image of such ascetics is given, the most striking features of which were the deepest intelligence, high professionalism, selfless service to society and culture, complete absence of any mercantile interests, extraordinary dedication to their work and deep awareness of their mission to save cultural values, perseverance and perseverance in its implementation. It is concluded that specialists trained in this field were involved in the rescue of artistic and historical values, thanks to which it was possible to preserve a significant part of Russia’s cultural heritage and its richest traditions.

The article examines the FBI's way of working with radical and civil opposition among Asian political organizations in the context of the Vietnam War and the political situation in general during the end of the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s. Using the Bureau's archives of the Asian-American Political Alliance, work's methods of the intelligence agency related to non-radical and obeying the law groups are made. The main threat that such groups considered was the influence of communists' parties and the Black Panther Party, which was far more radical and against them. As a result, the FBI applied anti-constitutional methods of actions. The non-uniformity of the COINTELPRO program, within which the FBI investigations took place, is traced by the conducted research. At this period, most of the Asian political organizations were non-violent and legal in nature. Also, many delegates were professors in universities and its students. Hence, the Bureau acted carefully while working with that kind of organizations because they didn't want to get in an «awkward position». Based on made analyses, the conclusion can be made that the FBI's activity in relation to Asian political organizations was considerably different from their methods for other political organizations of the same kind in a considerable period of history.

This article examines the ways and means of adaptation of the Samara (Kuibyshev) regional organisation of the All-Russian creative public organisation «Union of Artists of Russia» to social transformations in 1985–1998. It is noted that in the years of «perestroika» artists positively perceived democratic changes in the country, which they understood as freedom of creativity and new opportunities for self-presentation. Such problems of the regional organisation of artists as insufficient funding and poor material and technical support are revealed. Relations with the authorities at this stage were ambivalent. Criticism of passivity of party and Soviet authorities in providing the needs of the branch was accompanied by requests for material support. The termination of the Union of Artists of the USSR, centralised funding and state regulation of culture in the early 1990s caused the transformation of regional creative unions. The uncertain status and unstable economic situation of the creative organisation during the period of market reforms in Russia had a negative impact on its image. It is noted that both individual artists and the organisation as a whole used various social practices to adapt to the realities of the market economy. It is proved that, despite financial and organisational difficulties, the Samara Branch of the Union of Artists of Russia managed to overcome «disorder and vacillation», to preserve its unity and restore its role in the artistic life of the Samara Region.

In pedagogical activity, an important role in the formation of professional qualities of a school teacher is played by the development of teaching methods for a particular subject. Realizing this importance, we use the experience of other teachers, methodologists, and scientists. Studying and analyzing their works, we turn to the history of the formation and development of teaching methods. This article focuses on conducting a historical review of the development of teaching methods in the biological education of schoolchildren. On the basis of a historical retrospective, the main works of prominent biological educators are presented, their contribution to the development of methods of teaching natural science and biology is described. The main external and internal factors that influenced the educational process are presented. In particular, the attitude of the state authorities to natural science education. The article considers the main variants of the periodization of the history of the formation and development of the methodology of teaching biology and biological education in the national school; the characteristics of individual periods and teaching methods prevailing at the moment are given; Indications are made on the use of certain methods of teaching biology in modern education. Based on the stated research topic, information is provided reflecting the development of biology teaching methods only up to the 20th century.

The article substantiates the importance of moral education of the young generation of Russians in modern geopolitical realities. The importance of developing a model of moral education of university students is substantiated. The understanding of moral education as an introduction to moral values is argued. It is proved that the developed model is a normative model containing a project of how moral education should be organized in higher education. The most general trends in modeling the process of moral education in pedagogical science are revealed. The block structure of the model is substantiated and the content of the target (goal, tasks of moral education of students), value-motivational (traditional Russian spiritual and moral values, taking the form of motives for the behavior of students), methodological (scientific approaches and principles of their implementation), content-design (value foundations of academic disciplines, extracurricular educational activities, pedagogical conditions for designing the content of moral education of students), methodological (forms, methods, means of moral education of students) and result (criteria and levels of moral education) blocks is revealed. The purpose of the problem-dialogical, value-semantic and situational approaches to organizing moral education of university students is revealed. The leading idea of the created model is proposed: education of a student as a subject of moral development, striving for such a duty, which is contained in moral values as the value foundations of his activity.

The article is devoted to the issues of the place and importance of documentary competence in the professional training of philologists. The effectiveness of the development of the state is largely determined by the quality of training qualified personnel who are able to solve various professional tasks, one of which is working with documents. The tendency to complicate the nature of the activity of a modern philologist specialist poses new challenges to the higher education system. The field of professional activity of a philologist can be defined as a set of heterogeneous functions from the philological sphere proper and areas adjacent to it. The authors substantiate the need to revise approaches to the structure and content of the professional competence of a philologist in connection with changes in the requirements for a specialist on the part of the employer, it is the competence approach that underlies the standards of the third generation. Readiness for professional activity presupposes a set of key competencies that ensure the rapid adaptation of graduates in various professional fields and the successful completion of a large number of tasks, including working with documents. The authors of the study emphasize the importance of the formation of documentary competence within the framework of basic and additional educational programs in order to maximize the approximation of higher education to the further professional activities of graduates in accordance with the demands of modern society.

The Russian education system is constantly undergoing updates, natural in the process of continuous development of science, technology and society. In this regard, there is an obvious need for continuous professional education of university teachers, who then, in turn, develop innovative content and make changes in the learning process for students of all fields of study. An important goal of each educational organization is to maintain the proper level and continuous improvement of the quality of education. Therefore, the result of the teacher’s mastering a program of advanced training courses should be the improvement of professional competencies, which are just necessary to improve the quality of teaching. On the way to achieve this goal, a number of problems arise, the solution of which requires special attention from both the university management and each teacher. At the same time, the main aspect is the expedient competent construction of general educational strategies and individual trajectories of professional development for each teacher, depending on the nature of professional activity. The article presents an analysis and comparative characteristics of individual educational trajectories of advanced training of teachers of technical and pedagogical universities on the example of the Povolzhskiy State University of Telecommunications and Informatics and the Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education.

This article examines the impact of studying the discipline «Fundamentals of Project Activities» on the development of design competencies among fourth-year undergraduate students studying in the field of Chemical Technology at the Kazan National Research Technological University. The study was conducted at the Department of Innovation in Chemical Technology and consisted of a questionnaire survey of fourth-year students. As a result of studying this discipline, the percentage of theoretical knowledge in the field of project and project activities increases. There is a development of practical skills in solving specific project problems and cases. The student becomes able to make the right decision when developing a project. The student’s soft competencies are analyzed and the most in demand when working on a project are identified. It has been established that students are ready to engage in project activities in any sector of the economy. Are ready to try on project roles in a team, without experiencing fear or self-doubt. However, there are a number of barriers to the project; a system of motivating students to develop project competencies and eliminate the identified barriers is proposed.

Nowadays, the search for the new opportunities how to improve the teacher’s professional level and how to create the conditions for his professional growth has intensified. The teacher’s professional growth implies a qualitative transformation of professionally important personal properties and abilities, professional knowledge and skills within the framework of the professional activity. The modern teachers’ professional activity develops in the context of uncertainty, novelty and ambiguity. Constantly changing situations actualize the value-semantic and emotional aspects of the teachers’ professional development. The foregoing indicates that it is important for the future teachers to develop an emotional culture as a component of a professional culture. In this regard, the problem of the study is formulated as follows: how to develop the future teachers’ emotional culture in the university? Hence, the purpose of the study is to develop and implement a structural-content model to develop the future teachers’ emotional culture. To test the hypothesis that the understanding of the emotional culture as a resource for a professional growth and modelling the process of its development at a university is important, the following methods are used: theoretical (the scientific literature analysis on the problem of the future teachers’ emotional culture development; to study and generalize the emotional culture development experience in the university), empirical (the observation, survey and pedagogical experiment) and methods of the obtained data mathematical processing. An empirical study is carried out on the basis of Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. It has included the developed structural-content model approbation and the subsequent diagnostics of the axiological, cognitive, bihavioral, volitional and reflexive components formation in future teachers’ emotional culture. The study results can be used to develop and implement the future teachers’ training programs, as well as the teachers’ advanced training system in the university. In the future, it is reasonable to study the psychological and methodological university teachers’ readiness to develop the future teachers’ emotional culture.

The article analyzes the implementation by teachers of Kazan Innovative University named after V.G. Timiryasov of methodological conditions for teaching foreign students Russian as a foreign language, evaluates the effectiveness of the implementation of these conditions in terms of students achieving different levels of proficiency in the Russian language. The methodological recommendations of leading experts in the field of RCT on the maximum allowable number of students in a group of 8 people are substantiated. The requirement is being considered that classes in a group should be conducted by two teachers at the same time (in the weekly schedule, both teachers work in a 50%/50% ratio. This helps to overcome the effect of «getting used» to the timbre of a foreign student’s voice, the pace of speech and the phonetic features of a native Russian speaker. Each teacher activates all types of speech activity in each lesson: speaking, writing, listening, reading and learning vocabulary and grammar. The use of various non-academic forms of improving language skills in teaching foreign students allows students to actively train speaking and listening skills, expand their horizons by getting acquainted with the surrounding foreign cultural reality outside the framework of academic classes. A fundamentally important methodological point is the «re-equipment» of study groups after foreign students have passed the test for a certain level of Russian language acquisition, depending on the results demonstrated by the students. An important condition for ensuring the effectiveness of RCT training is interaction with the parents of students. Kazan Innovative University named after V.G. Timiryasov, when organizing the teaching of Russian as a foreign language to foreign citizens in a remote format, focuses in this process on ensuring «live» communication with the teacher.

The article raises the problem of educating students who are ready to implement a healthy lifestyle. It is proved that the readiness of medical university students to lead a healthy lifestyle is a personal education that has a structure and includes cognitive, axiological, emotional-volitional, activity components. The content of the components of the readiness of medical university students to lead a healthy lifestyle is revealed: knowledge about a person, about health, about a healthy lifestyle and its components (cognitive component); the values of «health», «healthy lifestyle», «man», «life», etc. (axiological component); positive emotions: «joy», «inspiration», «pacification», etc. and the strong-willed qualities of «determination», «perseverance», «initiative», etc. (emotional and volitional component); actions and deeds of the student to lead a healthy lifestyle: regular physical activity, compliance with the rules of personal hygiene and daily routine, etc. (activity component). It is proved that the pedagogical conditions for the formation of the readiness of medical university students to lead a healthy lifestyle are a system of pedagogical impact measures aimed at mastering knowledge by students, introducing them to values, developing their emotional and volitional sphere, focusing on actions and deeds that form (knowledge, values, etc.) the content of the relevant components of readiness, implemented (a system of measures) based on the capabilities of the educational environment of the medical university, ensuring a healthy lifestyle for students. The pedagogical conditions are determined, the implementation of which ensures the effective formation of the readiness of medical university students to lead a healthy lifestyle.

All enterprises and universities in the country face one task – to provide personnel for the development of industries capable of developing and introducing innovative technologies and ideas into the real sector of the economy to ensure and increase the competitiveness of domestic enterprises both in domestic and foreign markets. As a rule, technical universities of the country are engaged in the training of such specialists. The degree of preparation of students for further studies on the development of an innovative orientation program and the formation of competencies for solving professional tasks is determined through a system of control of students’ residual knowledge. This article presents the results of a survey of students to assess their individual training and an analysis of the relationship between these results and the results of testing conducted on the site of the Unified Internet Testing Portal in the field of education. The conducted research has shown that in order to obtain a satisfactory result of Internet testing, it is necessary to solve the question of how to achieve greater effectiveness of classes with a limited number of them, and that at the same time a differentiated approach is needed in the formation of test trials in basic disciplines for various areas of specialty.