No 5 (2024)

When creating new varieties, it is necessary to pay attention not only to high yields and the quality of the original parent forms, but also to be guided by knowledge about their reaction to changing growing environment conditions. The article presents the results of a comprehensive assessment of 15 varieties of different ecological and geographical origin. The methods of S.A. Eberhart and W.A. Russell, A.A. Rossielle and J. Hamblin, L.A. Zhivotkov, E.D. Nettevich were used in the analysis of adaptability indicators. The research was carried out in the northwestern part of the Ryazan region in the fields of ISA – a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution FNAC VIM in 2019–2023, of which two years were unfavorable – the index of environmental conditions (Ij) –2,54 – –1,87, three years favorable Ij was 0,84–2,24. It was found that, on average, over 5 years of research, the highest yield potential was possessed by the varieties of winter wheat Danaya – 5,79 t/ha, Isktar – 6,36 t/ha, Nebokrat and Slavna – 5,81 t/ha and 6,09 t/ha, which is higher than the average annual indicator by experience by 11,1%, 22,1%, 11,5% and 16,9%, respectively. The group of the most plastic varieties includes: Danaya and Lavina (Russia), Nebokrat and Slavna (Ukraine), Isztar (Germany). High responsiveness to improving environmental conditions was noted in winter wheat varieties Moskovskaya 39 (Russia) – 1,22, Fantasia (Belarus) – 1,23, Saturnus and Tambor (Germany) – 1,17 and 1,41, respectively. According to the complex of adaptive properties, the Isztar (Germany) and Nebokrat (Ukraine) varieties were distinguished as genetically flexible ((Ymin + Ymax)/2 from 5,56 to 6,26), with a high level of stability (PUSS from 103,28% to 113,12%), good adaptability to environmental conditions (KA – 1,15% and 1,26%, respectively) and resistance to stress ((Y_min – Y_max) from –4,23 to –4,68). The research results can be used in practical breeding.

The article presents an analysis of the current state of soybean production in the Russian Federation. It is shown that the production of this valuable high-protein oilseed crop over the previous years has made a huge breakthrough in conquering the market and increasing its share in the country’s total agricultural production. In Russia, in 2023, a record was set for the gross soybean production in history, with a total grain of 6.8 million tons. At the same time, the production leader also changed: from the traditional Far East, where soybeans have been cultivated for more than 100 years, to the Central Federal District, which has achieved the largest gross soybean yields in the country – about 3.0 million tons. Production growth is realized not only through extensive development paths, but also through increasing crop productivity. In 2023, the average yield in the country was 1.92 t/ha, which is also a historical maximum. It should be noted that in increasing productivity, the direction has been taken, according to the Food Security Doctrine, to increase to 75% the share of seeds of domestic varieties in the total volume by 2030, and for this there are all the necessary resources.

The experimental assessment of prospects of receiving cellulose material on the basis of use of vegetable raw materials – straw of a flax-dolgunetc is carried out. Results of researches showed a possibility of application for extraction of cellulose of the water solutions containing hydrogen peroxide, hydroxide and sodium bisulfite in the conditions of high-temperature influence within 2 hours with receiving the technical cellulose suitable for production of cardboard and packaging materials. For purification of technical cellulose, it was carried out additional processing by solution of hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid in similar parametrical conditions that allowed to receive a target product with high extent of maintenance of the main substance, at insignificant amount of the accompanying impurity. The presented results show a possibility of the solution of questions of environmental safety at the organization of process of receiving cellulose on the basis of renewable vegetable raw materials with use of the chemical reagents which are not containing compounds of sulfur.

In potato seed production, selections contribute to maintaining varietal typicality, increasing yields and improving the quality of seed material. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the effectiveness of improving selections in the first field generation of potatoes under conditions of variability of meteorological factors during the growing season of plants. In the process of crop reproduction, the yield indicators of the super-super elite of three varieties of the early ripeness group (Latona, Impala, Red Scarlett) are reflected during the selection in the first field generation. Using cluster and step-by-step discriminant analyses, three groups of productivity of vegetative offspring were identified for each of the above varieties: I – maximum, II – average, III – minimum. In the experiment, they were used as experimental options for control – offspring without selection. Against the background of the absence of reliable deviations in the number and weight of tubers in the experimental variants from the corresponding controls, a tendency to increase production was revealed.

The aim of research is to evaluate collectible black currant material according to resistance to bud mite in conditions of Kirov region, to study the dynamics of damage accumulation by a pest and to distinguish the varieties which have been showing the resistance for a long time. The evaluation of varieties had been held on the collectible plantations of fruit and berry crops of laboratory of FSBSI FARC of the North-East (Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Agricultural Research Centre”) (Kirov) which is situated in a central agro-climatic zone of Kirov region in 2014–2021. 36 black currant varieties of 2013 planting year were included in the research. The check variety is Vologda. The scheme of planting is 3.0 × 1.0 m, 5 plants on an every accounting plot. The repetition is single. As a result of a long-term study of the dynamics of bud mite damage accumulation, the varieties, which remain free from the pest longer than others were distinguished: Alexandrina (the features of the pest had not been noticed during the whole research); Dobriy Jinn (Kind Genie) and Gulliver (5.6% of the number of the studied) which showed the first damage on the 7^th and 8^th year after planting. Chishma, Yadrenaya, Mila, Vasilisa, Sputnick, Nezhdanchick (16.7%) showed the first features of damage on the 5^th year of planting. The varieties with the resistance to a bud mite (47.2%) are promising as a basic material for bringing in a selection process and recommended for the production. The varieties with middle and low resistance to the pest can be recommended for amateur and commercial horticulture but as a basic material on resistance to a phytophage in selection, they are unsuitable. The analysis of a link between a degree of pest damage of studied varieties and productiveness showed an average negative relationship between these features (r = –0.62).

Objectives: The study and long-term observations of changes in the spatial structure of vegetation cover of pasture landscapes of the Kochubey Biosphere Station (KBS) due to global climate warming. Arid pasture landscapes, due to the peculiarities of their spatial structure (the presence of semi-desert vegetation groupings) are a good indicator of modern climatic changes. To achieve this goal, the spatial structure and the current state of the arid landscapes of the Northwestern Caspian Sea in the territory of the KBS have been studied. The analysis of the biological diversity of species was carried out. Also the characteristics of the common features of seasonal dynamics of landscapes were studied. Moreover, trends of climatic changes in the landscape structure of the territory and trends in anthropogenic transformation of arid landscapes of the region were identified. It has been revealed that the main reasons for the reduction of biodiversity are habitat fragmentation, the introduction of alien species, the settlement of native species outside the range, ecotonization and “islandization” of pasture ecosystems, and the displacement of range boundaries. Since the goal of preserving the components of vegetation biodiversity is to reduce the pressures caused by climate change, adaptation measures should be aimed at reducing the rate of fragmentation and degradation of pasture landscapes. Monitoring observations have shown that over the last 20-century period there have been rhythmically repeating changes in climate and soil and vegetation cover, which indicates high mobility of vegetation. It has been established that the contribution of anthropogenic land degradation to desertification is confirmed by a significant linear trend in interannual fluctuations in indicators of pasture digression in the region. It has been established that the contribution of anthropogenic land degradation to desertification is confirmed by a significant linear trend in interannual fluctuations in indicators of pasture digression in the region. Due to excessive pasture digression, “islands” of anthropogenic desertification are formed here, the lifespan of which is determined by human influence and precipitation fluctuations.

The paper presents a project of an automated complex for managing agricultural technology. The complex consists of two inseparable components, a control unit and an executive robotic technological machine. The control unit implements the modern theory of controlling a complex dynamic system, which is an agricultural field with sowing crops. The main distinctive feature of the proposed management theory is that the object of management is an agrocenoses, which includes sowing crops and weeds. This feature is transferred to the executive technological machine, through which the simultaneous application of mineral fertilizers and herbicide treatment is carried out. At the same time, the formation of optimal technological operations is carried out on the basis of Earth remote sensing data. Based on these data, the parameters of the state of the agrocenoses are assessed, and the resulting estimates are system-wide feedback through which agricultural technology is managed. The presented complex is of interest to specialists developing individual components of modern precision farming systems.

The necessity of developing a system of regulators to ensure the sustainability of reproductive processes in industrial fruit growing is substantiated. An assessment of the efficiency of fruit production in the Russian Federation is given. The factors influencing the decrease in the stability of reproductive processes in industrial fruit growing are identified: an increase in the cost of purchased resources; high cost of finished products; a reduction in the share of subsidies in the created cost of planting; the insufficiency of agricultural producers’ own financial resources for carrying out planned plantings renovations, updating production infrastructure funds and carrying out current production activities. Functional imbalances in the organization of reproductive processes in industrial fruit growing have been identified: internal structural imbalances, high resource intensity of production and technological processes, non-compliance with optimal comparability of production and economic indicators. Generalizing criteria for the sustainability of reproductive processes are systematized: the ability of the system to withstand negative impacts of an economic and natural nature; increasing the possibilities of expanded reproduction of all used resources; ensuring qualitative changes in the production, socio-economic, environmental parameters of the system; increasing the conditions for subsequent improvements, preventing production declines. The article characterizes and evaluates the effectiveness of existing regulators to ensure the sustainability of reproductive processes in industrial fruit growing (macroeconomic, technical, technological and economic). A system of regulators has been developed to ensure the stability of reproductive processes in industrial fruit growing in functional areas of influence. An algorithm is proposed to substantiate the necessary dimensionality of regulators to ensure the stability of reproductive processes in industrial fruit growing.

The article presents the results of the study on the introduction of a saponite-containing mineral feed additive of natural origin into the diet of ROSS-308 broiler chickens in the amount of 1, 3 and 5 kg per ton of feed. An increase in the average daily gain by 3.7; 4.3 and 4.4 g, respectively, and in the absolute gain by 154.7; 174.9 and 181.3 g in the period from 1 to 42 days of age was found. At the time of slaughter, the live weight of chickens in the 1st and 2nd experimental groups significantly exceeded the control: by 174.6 (6.3%; P ≤ 0.001) and 154.6 g (5.6%; P ≤ 0.001). The survival rate of the experimental group chickens was 6.7% higher. In the blood of chickens from experimental groups 1–3, compared with the control analogs, an increase in total protein by 1.5; 2.2 and 2.1 g/l, calcium by 0.28; 0.21 and 0.29 mmol/l, phosphorus by 0.3; 0.43 and 0.42 mmol/l was recorded. A conclusion was made about an increase in the economic and biological indicators of broiler chickens when adding a saponite-containing mineral supplement to the diet, due to the enrichment of the compound feed with minerals and the high sorption capacity of the above-mentioned supplement, while the best effect was achieved when including it in the feed in the amount of 3 kg per ton.

As a result of many years of work by us, in the peasant farm K.A. Zhdanov (Voronezh region, Ramonsky district, Novopodkletnoye village) on the basis of guinea fowl of the Volga white breed, the paternal (VBA-1) and maternal (VB-4) lines of guinea fowl were preserved and evaluated. The yield of guinea fowl from one hen over 64 weeks of life is 74–77 heads. Anatomical cutting of poultry and calculation of body indexes of females and males of the VBA-1 and VB-4 lines and interline hybrids showed the superiority of the latter over the parent forms, in terms of the massiveness index by 2.89–6.9%, keel development and high-legged index by 0. 58-0.35%. According to the broad-body index, birds of the VBA-1 and VBA-2 lines were superior to hybrid guinea fowl by 0.2–2.22%. In terms of keel development, hybrids of the VBA-12 line exceeded the parent lines by 0.98–5.0%, which indicates their greater compactness, massiveness and muscularity (formation of the pectoral muscles in width). The results of anatomical cutting of carcasses indicate higher meat qualities of hybrid poultry, since the yield of edible parts of hybrids was 0.04% higher.

For the first time, using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods, epithelialized defects with signs of dystrophy in the crypts of caruncles in cows with afterbirth retention were established. The number of diplocaryocytes per unit area in the placenta of a cow during normal delivery was three times higher than the number of cells in cows with afterbirth retention. In the stroma of the villi of the allantochorion of the cotyledons, an increase in the number of collagen fibers and an increase in the number of fibroblasts, which are larger than in normal childbirth, have been established. In samples obtained from cows with afterbirth retention in the stroma of defragmented maternal crypts, the distribution of MMP was established, and immunopositive cells were fixed around the vessels, with active production of MMP-1 and MMP-3. Decreases in MMP-2 and MMP-9 in placentomas were observed in the allantochorion villi of the fetal part of the placenta. Thus, MMP-2 and МMP-9 are localized in the cotyledon and can affect the timely release of allantochorion villi from the crypts of the caruncles, ensuring the separation of fetal membranes from the maternal placenta in cattle.

The article is devoted to assessing the development of the Russian market of agricultural machinery (AHT) over the past 10 years. An analysis of the production of the main types of agricultural products, market dynamics, changes in market structure, volumes of purchases by agricultural producers, and the presence of agricultural products in Russian agriculture are presented. For a comparative analysis of the agricultural tractors being sold, their main technical and economic indicators are presented. Calculations were made of the main operational properties (performance, fuel consumption) of tractors of similar traction classes of the Belarus family and Chinese-made tractors presented on the Russian market. Based on correlation analysis, the relationship and direction of indicators were verified: renewal rates, retirement rates and the availability of a fleet of agricultural machinery; acquisition of agricultural equipment and renewal and disposal rates; acquisition of agricultural equipment and availability of agricultural machinery in agricultural organizations. Quite a strong relationship between the indicators: “purchase of agricultural products” and “availability in agricultural organizations” (correlation coefficient r = 0.676 — 0.99), a significant relationship between the indicators: “retirement rate” and “availability of combine harvesters” (correlation coefficient r = from — 0.588 to -0.664), “purchase of tractors” and “disposal coefficient” — r = –0.445, there is practically no relationship between the indicators: “purchase of tractors” and “availability of tractors” — r = –0.06, “renewal coefficient” and “availability grain harvesters” — r = -0.183, “purchase of forage harvesters” and “disposal rate” — r = –0.187. When analyzing the performance properties determined in this study, it was revealed that Chinese tractors presented on the agricultural machinery market will provide significant competition to tractors of the Belarus family.