Exploring the Synergistic Effect of Sildenafil and Green Tea Polyphenols on Breast Cancer Stem Cell-like Cells and their Parental Cells: A Potential Novel Therapeutic Approach


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Abstract

Background::Many cancer studies have intensely focused on the role of diet, among other factors involved in cancer establishment. The positive effect of green tea polyphenols (GTP) on controlling breast cancer cells has been reported in several studies. Cancer stem cell-like cells (CSC-LCs) possessing self-renewal, metastatic, and drug-resistant capacities are considered prominent therapeutic targets. In many tumors, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression levels are high; however, they have a dual effect on breast cancer pathogenesis.

Objective::This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity of the iNOS agonist (Sildenafil) and antagonist (LNAME), both alone and in combination with GTP, on MDA-MB-231, CD44+/CD24- CSC-LCs, and their parental cells (MCF-7).

Methods::The cell viability assay has been studied using the MTT assay. To analyze drug-drug combinations, CompuSyn and Combenefit software were used. The cytotoxicity mechanism was determined using flow cytometric analysis.

Results::L-NAME and GTP showed a synergistic effect on MDA-MB-231 and CSC-LCs. Such an effect was not observed on MCF-7. Sildenafil and GTP, on the other hand, showed synergistic cytotoxicity in all the cells mentioned above. Flow cytometric tests resulted in more than 70% apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7. Also, sub-G1 arrest among MCF-7 cells and a considerable decrease in ROS production by MDA-MB-231 cells following treatment with Sildenafil and GTP were observed.

Conclusion::Sildenafil, in combination with flavonoids, may be considered a novel strategy for cancer treatment.

About the authors

Marzie Salari Sharif

Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, International Campus, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Habibeh Sadat Mohseni

Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy,, Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Mahnaz Khanavi

Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy,, Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Shima Ghadami

Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy,, Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Emad Jafarzadeh

Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Shohreh Tavajohi

Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Shima Aliebrahimi

Department of Artificial Intelligence,, Smart University of Medical Sciences,

Author for correspondence.
Email: info@benthamscience.net

Seyed Nasser Ostad

oxicology and Poisoning Research Centre, Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy,, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,

Author for correspondence.
Email: info@benthamscience.net

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