Effects of High Efficacy Multiple Sclerosis Disease Modifying Drugs on the Immune Synapse: A Systematic Review


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Abstract

Background::Co-signaling and adhesion molecules are important elements for creating immune synapses between T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells; they positively or negatively regulate the interaction between a T cell receptor with its cognate antigen, presented by the major histocompatibility complex.

Objectives::We conducted a systematic review on the effects of High Efficacy Disease Modifying Drugs (HEDMDs) for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) on the co-signaling and adhesion molecules that form the immune synapse.

Methods::We searched EMBASE, MEDLINE, and other sources to identify clinical or preclinical reports on the effects of HEDMDs on co-signaling and adhesion molecules that participate in the formation of immune synapses in patients with MS or other autoimmune disorders. We included reports on cladribine tablets, anti- CD20 monoclonal antibodies, S1P modulators, inhibitors of Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase, and natalizumab.

Results::In 56 eligible reports among 7340 total publications, limited relevant evidence was uncovered. Not all co-signaling and adhesion molecules have been studied in relation to every HEDMD, with more data being available on the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (that affect CD80, CD86, GITR and TIGIT), cladribine tablets (affecting CD28, CD40, ICAM-1, LFA-1) and the S1P modulators (affecting CD86, ICAM-1 and LFA-1) and less on Natalizumab (affecting CD80, CD86, CD40, LFA-1, VLA-4) and Alemtuzumab (affecting GITR and CTLA-4).

Conclusion::The puzzle of HEDMD effects on the immune synapse is far from complete. The available evidence suggests that distinguishing differences exist between drugs and are worth pursuing further.

About the authors

Spyros Deftereos

School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

Email: info@benthamscience.net

George Vavougios

School of Medicine, University of Cyprus

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Christos Bakirtzis

Second Department of Neurology, Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education (S.U.B.R.E.), School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

Email: info@benthamscience.net

George Hadjigeorgiou

Medical School, University of Cyprus

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Nikolaos Grigoriadis

Second Department of Neurology, Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education (S.U.B.R.E.), School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

Author for correspondence.
Email: info@benthamscience.net

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