Diagnosis of the Initial Stage of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Review


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Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. There may be more than a million instances of hepatocellular carcinoma by 2025, making it a persistent concern for global health. The most common form of hepatocellular carcinoma accounts for more than 90% of cases. There is no known cure for hepatocellular carcinoma, which is usually detected late in life. Unlike most other common malignancies, such as lung, prostate, and breast cancers, where mortality rates are declining, rates of death are rising by around 2-3% every year. It is extremely difficult to diagnose hepatocellular carcinoma in its early stages. Alpha-fetoprotein serology studies and ultrasonography (US) monitoring were historically the primary methods for early detection of hepatocellular cancer. However, the sensitivity or specificity of ultrasonography/alpha-fetoprotein (US/AFP) is not high enough to detect hepatocellular carcinoma in its early stages. Alpha-fetoprotein, or AFP, is an amino acid that is normally produced by the liver or yolk sac of an embryonic baby. In adults, AFP levels are typically modest. Adults with high levels of AFP have been associated with several illnesses, the most well-known of which are certain types of cancer. It is still possible to diagnose hepatocellular carcinoma early because of current technological advancements. We address the advancements in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in this article, with a focus on new imaging techniques and diagnostic markers for early-stage tumor identification.

About the authors

Krishana Sharma

Department of Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy,, Teerthanker Mahaveer University

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Mohd. Mohsin

Department of Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Piyush Mittal

Department of Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Zeeshan Ali

Department of Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Nishat Fatma

Department of Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University,

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Prashant Upadhyay

Faculty of Pharmacy, IFTM University

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Ritu Gupta

Department of Pharmacy, Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College (Government -Run -Medical College)

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Anurag Verma

Department of Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Gajendra Kumar

Department of Chemistry,, Constituent Government College (M.J.P.R.U. Bareilly)

Author for correspondence.
Email: info@benthamscience.net

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