Assessment of microplastic content in natural waters and sediments: sampling and sample preparation

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Abstract

Aquatic ecosystems are the primary reservoir for microplastics entering the environment. Assessing the content of microplastics in natural waters and sediments is a critical task necessary for evaluating the pollution levels of water bodies, identifying sources of pollution, and assessing potential risks to aquatic life. To date, there is no universal analytical approach for extracting microplastics from natural waters and sediments for subsequent identification. This review summarizes information on methods of microplastic sampling from natural waters and sediments and methods of sample preparation, including techniques for separating particles by size and density, as well as methods based on the chemical decomposition of samples to remove natural organic matter. Additionally, the classification of microplastics, as well as general information about the content of microplastics in aquatic ecosystems and their potential toxicity, are described.

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M. S. Ermolin

V. I. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: ermolin@geokhi.ru
Russian Federation, 119991 Moscow

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Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1. Neuston net (a) and Manta net (b) for collecting microplastics from natural waters.

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3. Fig. 2. Device for sampling the surface microlayer of water.

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4. Fig. 3. Photographs of a box corer (a) and a grab bucket (b) for collecting bottom sediments.

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5. Fig. 4. Schematic representation of the procedure for separating microplastics using a portable separator.

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6. Fig. 5. Photo of the MPSS sediment microplastic separator. (a) The separator consists of a motor driving a stirrer, a sediment container, a conical column, and a separation chamber with an integrated filter holder and sample chamber; (b) the separation chamber with the filter holder installed; (c) the separation chamber with the filter holder removed; (d) the separation chamber in filtration mode; (e) the stand, sediment container, and motor; (e) the sediment container with a stirrer.

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