Morphogenesis and growth of Picea schrenkiana (Pinaceae) shoots in relation to the high-altitude ecological zonality in the mountains of the Northern Tien Shan

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Abstract

A comparative study of the shoot apical meristem morphogenesis and shoot growth in Schrenk’s spruce (Picea schrenkiana F. et M.) from the provenances at different elevations within its natural distribution range in the mountains of the Trans-Ili Alatau mountains of the Northern Tien Shan was conducted. Each year, the apical meristem undergoes a stage of forming a shortened shoot with covering scales of a new bud, and the stage of initiation of the meristematic primordium of an elongated needle shoot. Before each stage of morphogenesis, the apex goes through an independent growth phase associated with the formation of the mother cell groups of the bud scale and needle phytomers from the peripheral meristem. The initiation of the bud scales primordia in trees growing at elevations of 1600 m, 2045 m, and 2600 m above sea level occurs when positive accumulated temperatures reach 330, 275, and 185℃ respectively. In trees growing at 1600 m, 2045 m, and 2600 m, the stage of the initiation of new meristematic primordial needle-bearing shoots begins when the accumulated effective temperature (above + 5℃) reaches 650, 527, and 210℃ respectively. With the site elevation increase from 1600 m to 2600 m, the number of the initiated rows of primordial needles decreases from 12.0 to 7.5. In spring, during the proliferative longitudinal growth of the meristematic stem primordia, the rate of ground tissue cell division can be estimated by the rate of the stem length doubling. At 5℃, in trees growing at 1,600 m, the stem growth rate of needle-bearing shoots is 0.0066 length doubling cycles per day, while it is 6.3 times greater at 2 600 m. According to the equations for the linear relationship between the average daily rate of stem length doubling and temperature, the temperature of the initiation of primordial shoot cell division decreases with an increase in the provenance elevation from 4.62℃ at 1 600 m to 2.82℃ at 2 600 m. The adaptation of the meristematic cell division process to low temperatures helps to reduce the inhibitory effect of altitudinal environmental factors on the morphogenesis and shoot growth in Schrenk’s spruce.

About the authors

V. B. Skupchenko

St. Petersburg State Forestry Engineering University named after S.M. Kirov

Author for correspondence.
Email: vlaskvs16579@mail.ru
Russian Federation, St. Petersburg

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