<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Metallurgy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Metallurgy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Металлы</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-5733</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5391</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">697626</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0869573325056169</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Inconel 625/(WC, W<sub>2</sub>C) COMPOSITE COATINGS SYNTHESIZED BY LASER CLADDING</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>КОМПОЗИЦИОННЫЕ ПОКРЫТИЯ Inconel 625/(WC, W<sub>2</sub>C), СФОРМИРОВАННЫЕ МЕТОДОМ ЛАЗЕРНОЙ НАПЛАВКИ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bazaleeva</surname><given-names>K. O</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Базалеева</surname><given-names>К. О</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>bazaleeva_ko@pfur.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ponkratova</surname><given-names>Yu. Yu</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Понкратова</surname><given-names>Ю. Ю</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>email@example.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Safarova</surname><given-names>D. E</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сафарова</surname><given-names>Д. Э</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>email@example.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shipshev</surname><given-names>R. B</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шипшев</surname><given-names>Р. Б</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>email@example.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alekseev</surname><given-names>A. V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алексеев</surname><given-names>А. В</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>email@example.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Saveliev</surname><given-names>M. D</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савельев</surname><given-names>М. Д</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>email@example.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ishmukhametov</surname><given-names>D. Z</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ишмухаметов</surname><given-names>Д. З</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>email@example.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI"</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский ядерный университет «МИФИ»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-09-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">NO5 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">№5 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>61</fpage><lpage>69</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-04"><day>04</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-09-15"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://snv63.ru/0869-5733/article/view/697626">https://snv63.ru/0869-5733/article/view/697626</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A study of the phase structure state of Inconel 625/WC composite coatings synthesized by laser cladding has been carried out. During the synthesis of experimental coatings, the content of the hardening phase was varied in the range of 10 to 50 vol.%. X-ray diffraction shows that the phase composition of the coatings is represented by nickel solid solution and carbide phases WC, W<sub>2</sub>C, η<sub>1</sub>(Ni<sub>3</sub>Mo<sub>3</sub>C) and MoNbC<sub>2</sub>. By means of scanning electron microscopy and microspectral X-ray analysis in the structure of coatings were revealed spherical particles of initial tungsten carbide, around them "halo" enriched with W, C, as well as carbide-forming elements of matrix Mo, Nb and Cr, dendrites of nickel matrix and interdendritic space partly with eutectic structure, partly with excessive separations, enriched with Mo, Nb, Cr and W. It is found that the lattice parameter of the nickel solid solution depends non-monotonically on the carbide content in the coating: its maximum value is observed at 30% of tungsten carbide. It is shown that the main mechanism of hardening of the coating matrix is dispersive due to the release of η<sub>1</sub>(Ni<sub>3</sub>Mo<sub>3</sub>C) phase.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Проведено исследование фазово-структурного состояния композиционных покрытий Inconel 625/(WC, W<sub>2</sub>C), синтезированных методом лазерной наплавки. При синтезе экспериментальных покрытий варьировали содержание упрочняющей фазы в интервале от 10 до 50 об. %. Рентгеновским методом показано, что фазовый состав покрытий представлен никелевым твердым раствором и карбидными фазами WC, W<sub>2</sub>C, η<sub>1</sub>(Ni<sub>3</sub>Mo<sub>3</sub>C) и MoNbC<sub>2</sub>. С помощью растровой электронной микроскопии и рентгеноспектрального микроанализа в структуре покрытий выявлены сферические частицы исходного карбида вольфрама с зоной вокруг них («ореолом»), обогащенной вольфрамом, углеродом, а также карбидообразующими элементами матрицы (Mo, Nb и Cr), дендриты никелевой матрицы и обогащенное Mo, Nb, Cr и W междендритное пространство частично с эвтектической структурой, а частично с избыточными выделениями. Установлено, что параметр кристаллической решетки никелевого твердого раствора немонотонно зависит от содержания карбида в покрытии: максимальное его значение наблюдается при 30 об. % карбида вольфрама. Показано, что основным механизмом упрочнения матрицы покрытия является дисперсионный за счет выделения фазы η<sub>1</sub>(Ni<sub>3</sub>Mo<sub>3</sub>C).</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>refractory ceramics</kwd><kwd>rail steel</kwd><kwd>aluminum oxide</kwd><kwd>wetting angle</kwd><kwd>surface tension</kwd><kwd>roughness</kwd><kwd>adhesion work</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>композиционные металломатричные покрытия</kwd><kwd>лазерная наплавка</kwd><kwd>фазово-структурное состояние</kwd><kwd>микротвердость</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This publication has been financially supported by the RUDN University Scientific Projects Grant System, project No. 202516-2-00.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Публикация выполнена в рамках проекта НИР № 202516-2-000 Системы грантовой поддержки научных проектов РУДН.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Karmuhilan, M. A review on additive manufacturing processes of Inconel 625 / M. Karmuhilan, S. Kumanan // J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 2022. V.31. P.2583–2592.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>He, S. Effect of substrate preheating on the microstructure and bending behavior of WC-Inconel 718 composite coating synthesized via laser directed energy deposition / S. He, S. Park, D.S. Shim, C. Yao, M. Li, S. Wang // Intern. J. Refract. Metals Hard Mater. 2023. V.115. Art.106299.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Cooper, D.E. Additive layer manufacture of Inconel 625 metal matrix composites, reinforcement material evaluation / D.E. Cooper, N. Blundell, S. Maggs, G.J. Gibbons // J. Mater. Proc. Tech. 2013. V.213. Is.12. P.2191–2200.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Chen, L. Effect of TiC content on the microstructure and wear performance of in situ synthesized Ni-based composite coatings by laser direct energy deposition / L. Chen, Y. Zhao, F. Meng, T. Yu, Z. Ma, S. Qu, Z. Sun // Surf. Coat.Tech. 2022. V.444. Art.128678.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Muvvala, G. In-process detection of microstructural changes in laser cladding of in-situ Inconel 718/TiC metal matrix composite coating / G. Muvvala, D.P. Karmakar, A.K. Nath // J. Alloys Comp. 2018. V.740. P.545–558.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Shen, X. Study on crack behavior of laser cladding ceramic-metal composite coating with high content of WC / X. Shen, X. He, L. Gao, G. Su, C. Xu, N. Xu // Ceram. Intern. 2022. V.48. Is.12. P.17460–17470.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Tobar, M.J. Morphology and characterization of laser clad composite NiCrBSi–WC coatings on stainless steel / M.J. Tobar, C. Álvarez, J.M. Amado, G. Rodríguez, A. Yáñez // Surf. Coat. Tech. 2006. V.200. P.6313–6317.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Sun, S. Preparing WC-Ni coatings with laser cladding technology : A review / S. Sun, J. Wang, J. Xu, X. Cheng, C. Jing, Z. Chen, J. Jiao // Mater. Today Communication. 2023. Art.106939.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Zafar, F. A review on direct laser deposition of Inconel 625 and Inconel 625-based composites–challenges and prospects / F. Zafar, O. Emadinia, J. Conceição, M. Vieira, A. Reis // Metals. 2023. V.13. Is.4. P.787.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Deschuyteneer, D. Influence of large particle size – up to 1.2 mm – and morphology on wear resistance in NiCrBSi/WC laser cladded composite coatings / D. Deschuyteneer, F. Petit, M. Gonon, F. Cambier // Surf. Coat. Tech. 2017. V.311. P.365–373.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>He, S. Study on microstructure and abrasive behaviors of Inconel 718-WC composite coating fabricated by laser directed energy deposition / S. He, S. Park, D.S. Shim, C. Yao, W.J. Zhang // J. Mater. Res. Tech. 2022. V.21. P.2926–2946.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang, P. Effects of WC particle types on the microstructures and properties of WC-reinforced Ni60 composite coatings produced by laser cladding / P. Zhang, Y. Pang, M. Yu // Metals. 2019. V.9. Is.5. P.583.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Li, W. Effect of WC mass fraction on the microstructure and friction properties of WC/Ni60 laser cladding layer of brake discs / W. Li, X. Yang, J. Xiao, Q. Hou // Ceram. Intern. 2021. V.47. Is.20. P.28754–28763.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang, K. Microstructure and properties of composite coatings by laser cladding Inconel 625 and reinforced WC particles on non-magnetic steel / K. Zhang, H. Ju, F. Xing, W. Wang, Q. Li, X. Yu, W. Liu // Optics Laser Tech. 2023. V.163. Art.109321.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Xiong, K. Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of high-content TiC reinforced Inconel 718 composites fabricated by laser-directed energy deposition / K. Xiong, D. Gu, R. Wang, G. Huang, L. Yuan, D. Dai // J. Laser Appl. 2023. V.35. Is.2.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Zhou, S. Analysis of crack behavior for Ni-based WC composite coatings by laser cladding and crack-free realization / S. Zhou, X. Zeng, Q. Hu, Y. Huang // Appl. Surf. Sci. 2008. V.255. Is.5. P.1646–1653.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Huebner, J. Influence of heating conditions on the solidification of Inconel 625–WC system for additive manufacturing / J. Huebner, P. Rutkowski, A. Dębowska, D. Kata // Materials. 2020. V.13. Is.13. Art.2932.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Li, W. Microstructure, wear resistance and electrochemical properties of spherical/non-spherical WC reinforced Inconel 625 superalloy by laser melting deposition / W. Li, R. Di, R. Yuan, H. Song, J. Lei // J. Manuf. Proc. 2022. V.74. P.413–422.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Александрова, А.А. Прямое лазерное выращивание композиционного материала инконель 625/TiC : влияние исходного состояния порошка / А.А. Александрова, К.О. Базалеева, Э.В. Балакирев, А.А. Брыков, А.Г Григорьянц // ФММ. 2019. Т.120. №5. С.498–504. –</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Abioye, T.E. Concurrent Inconel 625 wire and WC powder laser cladding : process stability and microstructural characterisation / T.E. Abioye, J. Folkes, A.T. Clare, D.G. McCartney // Surf. Eng. 2013. V.29. №9. P.647–653.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Tian, Z.H. Microstructure and properties of Inconel 625 + WC composite coatings prepared by laser cladding / Z.H. Tian, Y.T. Zhao, Y.J. Jiang, H.P. Ren // Rare Metals. 2021. V.40. P.2281–2291.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Горелик, С.С. Рентгенографический и электроннооптический анализ/ С.С. Горелик, Л.Н. Расторгуев, Ю.А. Скаков. – М. : Металлургия, 1963. 296 с. –</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
