Causes of brain aging and age-related changes in cognitive functions and the diversity of object models for studying these causes

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Abstract

Due to the development of medicine and the improvement of the standard of living in the world, the proportion of the elderly population is increasing, so the study of the mechanisms of age-related changes in cognitive functions seems to be an urgent task. The purpose of this review is to provide data on the mechanisms of age-related changes in cognitive functions and to draw a conclusion on possible further directions of research in this area. The review presents modern theories of cognitive aging (reserve theory, compensatory theory, frontal lobe aging theory, inhibition deficit theory, sensory deprivation theory). Particular attention is paid to the molecular and genetic aspects of cognitive aging of the brain: the role of DNA integrity disorders and individual characteristics of DNA tandem repeats in connection with the dynamics of cognitive functions and aging of the nervous system are discussed, and the role of gene expression (BDNF, Rag1, APOE, etc.), which are associated with changes in cognitive functions, is considered. The novelty of this work is determined by the reliance on modern scientific literature, which allows us to identify promising areas for further study of the topic. These areas include the study of individual genes and molecular markers in terms of changes in their expression with age (such as mitogens EGF and FGF, neurotrophic factors BDNF, NGF, GDNF, synapsins, Rag1, APOE, etc.) and the study of the role of tandem repeats of the genome, including those located on satellite DNA (not many studies have been devoted to this topic). Understanding the mechanisms of cognitive aging at different levels of the body can contribute to the development of effective methods for the prevention and treatment of cognitive impairment.

About the authors

P. E. Umriukhin

I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University); Research Centre for Medical Genetics (RCMG)

Email: pavelum@mail.ru
Moscow, 119048 Russia; Moscow, 125993 Russia

N. Y. Shabalin

I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)

Email: nsdominik@mail.ru
Moscow, 119048 Russia

E. N. Mikheeva

I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)

Email: kefir2018@mail.ru
Moscow, 119048 Russia

N. N. Veiko

Research Centre for Medical Genetics (RCMG)

Email: satelit32006@yandex.ru
Moscow, 125993 Russia

S. V. Kostyuk

Research Centre for Medical Genetics (RCMG)

Email: svet-vk@yandex.ru
Moscow, 125993 Russia

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