<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Microbiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Microbiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Микробиология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0026-3656</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5464</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">698756</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7868/S3034546425060115</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EXPERIMENTAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Digestive Enzyme Activity and Gut Microbiota Community in African Catfish Clarias gariepinus</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>АКТИВНОСТЬ ПИЩЕВАРИТЕЛЬНЫХ ФЕРМЕНТОВ И СООБЩЕСТВО КИШЕЧНОЙ МИКРОБИОТЫ У АФРИКАНСКОГО СОМА CLARIAS GARIEPINUS</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Skvortsova</surname><given-names>E. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Скворцова</surname><given-names>Е. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>golovanova@ibiw.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Golovanova</surname><given-names>I. L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Голованова</surname><given-names>И. Л.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>golovanova@ibiw.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Filippov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Филиппов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>golovanova@ibiw.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulivatskaya</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куливацкая</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>golovanova@ibiw.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Filinskaya</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Филинская</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>golovanova@ibiw.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogdanova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богданова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>bogdanova.alе@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Yaroslavl State Agrarian University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ярославский государственный аграрный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.D. Papanin Institute of Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт биологии внутренних вод им. И.Д. Папанина РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>94</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 94, NO6 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 94, №6 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>624</fpage><lpage>636</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-16"><day>16</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-12-16"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://snv63.ru/0026-3656/article/view/698756">https://snv63.ru/0026-3656/article/view/698756</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>To improve the growth efficiency and biomass accumulation rate of fish grown in aquaculture, it is necessary to have information on the activity of digestive enzymes and the composition of the intestinal microbiota involved in the digestion of the main components of the feed. In our work, we studied for the first time the activity of glycosidases and proteinases in the intestinal mucosa and chyme, as well as the composition of the intestinal microbiome of two size groups of African catfish Clarias gariepinus grown in tanks with a closed water supply system. Total amylolytic and total proteolytic activities were significantly higher in small fish compared to large ones, the activity of disaccharidases (sucrase and maltase) in the intestinal mucosa did not depend on the fish size. In both size-age groups of African catfish, five bacterial phyla dominated: Pseudomonadota, Bacillota, Actinomycetota, Fusobacteriota and Bacteroidota. In the group of small fish, Pseudomonadota accounted for almost half of the number of intestinal bacteria; in large catfish, the distribution of these bacterial phyla was more uniform. For the first time, a relationship was found between the activity of digestive enzymes and the relative abundance of bacteria of different taxa. The highest positive correlation in the chyme of small catfish was found for the total proteolytic activity with bacteria of the order Lactobacillales of the class Bacilli; in large catfish, with bacteria of the orders Actinomycetales and Bacillales, and the total amylolytic activity with bacteria of the order Fusobacteriales and Clostridiales (Eubacteriales). The data obtained can be used to adjust the composition of the microbiome and digestive enzymes in order to obtain greater biomass of catfish in aquaculture.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Для повышения эффективности роста и скорости накопления биомассы рыб, выращиваемых в условиях аквакультуры, необходимы сведения об активности пищеварительных ферментов и составе микробиоты кишечника, принимающих участие в переваривании основных компонентов корма. В нашей работе впервые исследована активность гликозидаз и протеиназ в слизистой оболочке кишечника и химусе, а также состав кишечного микробиома двух размерных групп африканского сома Clarias gariepinus, выращенного в бассейнах с замкнутой системой водоснабжения. Общая амилолитическая и общая протеолитическая активность были значительно выше у мелких рыб по сравнению с крупными, активность дисахаридаз (сахаразы и мальтазы) в слизистой оболочке кишечника не зависела от размера рыбы. В обеих размерно-возрастных группах африканского сома доминировали пять филумов бактерий: Pseudomonadota, Bacillota, Actinomycetota, Fusobacteriota и Bacteroidota. В группе мелких рыб Pseudomonadota составляли почти половину числа кишечных бактерий, у крупных сомов распределение этих филумов бактерий более равномерное. Впервые выявлена связь между активностью пищеварительных ферментов и относительной численностью бактерий различных таксонов. Наибольшая положительная корреляция в химусе мелких сомов выявлена для общей протеолитической активности с бактериями порядка Lactobacillales класса Bacilli; у крупных сомов – с бактериями порядков Actinomycetales и Bacillales, а общей амилолитической активности – с бактериями порядка Fusobacteriales и Clostridiales (Eubacteriales). Полученные данные могут быть использованы для коррекции состава микробиома и пищеварительных ферментов с целью получения большей биомассы сомов в аквакультуре.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>amylase</kwd><kwd>sucrase</kwd><kwd>maltase</kwd><kwd>proteinases</kwd><kwd>African catfish</kwd><kwd>intestinal microbiota</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>амилаза</kwd><kwd>сахараза</kwd><kwd>мальтаза</kwd><kwd>протеиназы</kwd><kwd>африканский сом</kwd><kwd>кишечная микробиота</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was conducted with financial support from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation within the framework of research work on the topic "Development of Domestic Biotechnology for Intensifying the Cultivation of African Catfish and Sterlet in CLS Conditions by Regulating the Activity of Digestive Enzymes and the Composition of the Fish Gut Microbiome" (No. 124112000044-1), as well as within the framework of state assignment No. 124032500018-8.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации в рамках научно-исследовательской работы по теме “Разработка отечественной биотехнологии интенсификации выращивания африканского сома и стерляди в условиях УЗВ за счет регуляции активности пищеварительных ферментов и состава кишечного микробиома рыб” (№ 124112000044-1), а также в рамках государственного задания № 124032500018-8.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Зуева М.С., Мирошникова Е.П., Аринжанов А.Е., Килякова Ю.В. Влияние пробиотиков на элементный состав мышечной ткани карпа // Животноводство и кормопроизводство. 2023. Т. 106. № 2. С. 8–20.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Кузьмина В.В. Пищеварительные процессы у рыб. Новые факты и гипотезы. Институт биологии внутренних вод им. И.Д. Папанина РАН. Ярославль: Филигрань, 2018. 300 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Неваленный А.Н., Бедняков Д.А., Дзержинская И.С. Энзимология. Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования “Астраханский государственный технический университет”. Астрахань, 2005. 102 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Уголев А.М., Иезуитова Н.Н. Определение активности инвертазы и других дисахаридаз // Исследование пищеварительного аппарата у человека (обзор совр. методов). М.: Наука, 1969. С. 192–196.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Уголев А.М., Кузьмина В.В. Пищеварительные процессы и адаптации у рыб. СПб.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1993. 238 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Adewumi A.A., Idowu E.O., Obe B.W., Abesin O., Odeyemi O.M. Some physiological responses of the catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) fed cassava (Manihot esculenta) peel and Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal // London J. Engin. Res. 2022. V. 22. № 5. Р. 1–9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Ali M.Z., Jauncey K. Optimal dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratio in African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) // Aquacult. Int. 2004.V. 12. P. 169–180.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Alippi A.M. Evaluación de medios de cultivo para detectar la reacción de hidrólisis del almidón por patovares de Xanthomonas campestris // Revista Argentina de Microbiologia. 1991. V. 23. Р. 41–47.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Anson M. The estimation of pepsin, trypsin, papain and cathepsin with hemoglobin // J. Gen. Physiol. 1938. V. 4. P. 79–83.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Avila Santos A.P., Kabiru Nata’ala M., Kasmanas J.C., Coelho Kasmanas J., Bartholomäus A., Keller-Costa T., Jurburg S.D., Tal T. Camarinha-Silva A., Pedro Saraiva J., Ponce de Leon Ferreira de Carvalho A.C., Stadler P.F., Sipoli Sanches D., Rocha U. The AnimalAssociatedMetagenomeDB reveals a bias towards livestock and developed countries and blind spots in functional-potential studies of animal-associated microbiomes // Anim. Microbiome. 2023. V. 5. Art. 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42523-023-00267-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Bledsoe J.W., Waldbieser G.C., Swanson K.S., Peterson B.C., Small B.C. Comparison of channel catfish and blue catfish gut microbiota assemblages shows minimal effects of host genetics on microbial structure and inferred function // Front. Microbiol. 2018. V. 23. Art. 1073.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Bolyen E., Rideout J.R., Dillon M.R., Bokulich N.A., Abnet C.C., Al-Ghalith G.A., Asnicar F., et al. Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2 // Nature Biotechnol. 2019. V. 37. Р. 852–857. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0209-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Bruijn I., Liu Y., Wiegertjes G.F., Raaijmakers J.M. Exploring fish microbial communities to mitigate emerging diseases in aquaculture // FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2018. V 94. Art. 161. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fix161</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Callahan B.J., McMurdie P.J., Rosen M.J., Han A.W., Johnson A.J., Holmes S. DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data // Nature Methods. 2016. V. 13. Р. 581–583.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Clements K.D., Angert E.R., Montgomery W.L., Choat J.H. Intestinal microbiota in fishes: what’s known and what’s not // Mol. Ecol. 2014. V. 23. Р. 1891–1898.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Deng Z., Duarte M.E., Kim S.W. Efficacy of soy protein concentrate replacing animal protein supplements in mucosa-associated microbiota, intestinal health, and growth performance of nursery pigs // Anim. Nutrit. 2023. V. 30. Р. 235–248.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Florczyk K., Mazurkiewicz J., Przybylska K., Ulikowski D., Szczepkowski M., Andrzejewski W., Golski J. Growth performance, feed intake and morphology of juvenile European catfish, Silurus glanis (L.) fed diets containing different protein and lipid levels // Aquacult. Int. 2014. V. 22. Р. 205–214.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Frolova T.V., Izvekov E.I., Izvekova G.I. First insights into the activity of major digestive enzymes in the intestine of the European catfish Silurus glanis and protective anti-enzymatic potential of its gut parasite Silurotaenia siluri // J. Fish Biol. 2023. V. 103. Р. 985–983.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Gisbert E., Luz R.K., Fernández I., Pradhan P.K., Salhi M., Mozanzadeh M.T., Kumar A., Kotzamanis Y., Castro-Ruiz D., Bessonart M., Darias M.J. Development, nutrition, and rearing practices of relevant catfish species (Siluriformes) at early stages // Rev. Aquacult. 2021. V. 14. Р. 73–105.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Green P.N., Ardley J.K. Review of the genus Methylobacterium and closely related organisms: a proposal that some Methylobacterium species be reclassified into a new genus, Methylorubrum gen. nov. // Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2018. V. 68. Р. 2727–2748.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Ikeda-Ohtsubo W., Brugman S., Warden C.H., Rebel J.M.J., Folkerts G., Pieterse C.M.J. How can we define “optimal microbiota?”: a comparative review of structure and functions of microbiota of animals, fish, and plants in agriculture // Front. Nutrit. 2018. V. 5. Art. 90. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2018.00090</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Jiao F., Zhang L., Limbu S.M., Yin H., Xie Y., Yang Z., Shang Z., Kong L., Rong H. A comparison of digestive strategies for fishes with different feeding habits: digestive enzyme activities, intestinal morphology, and gut microbiota // Ecol. Evol. 2023. V. 13. Art. e10499. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.10499</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Jung M.Y., Lee Ch., Seo M.Ji., Roh S.W., Lee S.H. Characterization of a potential probiotic bacterium Lactococcus raffinolactis WiKim0068 isolated from fermented vegetable using genomic and in vitro analyses // BMC Microbiol. 2020. V. 20. Art. 136. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-020-01820-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Kim P.S., Shin N.R., Lee J.B., Kim M.-S., Whon T.W., Hyun D.-W., Yun J.-H., Jung M.-J., Kim J.Y., Bae J.-W. Host habitat is the major determinant of the gut microbiome of fish // Microbiome. 2021. V. 9. Art. 166. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-021-01113-x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Kormas K.A., Meziti A., Mente E., Frentzos A. Dietary differences are reflected on the gut prokaryotic community structure of wild and commercially reared sea bream (Sparus aurata) // Microbiol. Open. 2014. V. 3. Р. 718–728.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Kwon S.W., Kim J.S., Park I.C., Yoon S.H., Park D.H., Lim C.K., Go S.J. Pseudomonas koreensis sp. nov., Pseudomonas umsongensis sp. nov. and Pseudomonas jinjuensis sp. nov., novel species from farm soils in Korea // Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2003. V. 53. Р. 21–27.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Liu H., Guo X., Gooneratne R., Lai R., Zeng C., Zhan F., Wang W. The gut microbiome and degradation enzyme activity of wild freshwater fishes influenced by their trophic levels // Sci. Rep. 2016. V. 6. Art. 24340. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24340</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Nowosad J., Jasiński S., Arciuch-Rutkowska M., Abdel-Latif H.M.R., Wróbel M., Mikiewicz M., Zielonka Ł., Kotsyumbas I.Y., Muzyka V.P., Brezvyn O.M., Dietrich G., Kucharczyk D. Effects of bee pollen on growth performance, intestinal microbiota and histomorphometry in African catfish // Animals (Basel). 2022. V. 13. Art. 132.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Oren A., Garrity G.M. Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of Prokaryotes // Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2021. V. 71. № 10. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.005056</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Skvortsova E.G., Filinskaya O.V., Postrash I.Yu., Bushkareva A.S., Mostofina A.V. Biodiversity of gut microorganisms in aquacultured African catfish // E3S Web of Conferences. 2023. V. 463. Р. 01039.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Sokal R.R., Rohlf F.J. Biometry. The principals and practice of statistics in biological research. NY.: W.H. Freeman and Co., 1995. 887 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Solovyev M.M., Kashinskaya E.N., Gisbert E. A meta-analysis for assessing the contributions of trypsin and chymotrypsin as the two major endoproteases in protein hydrolysis in fish Intestine // Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. Mol. Integr. Physiol. 2023. V. 278. Art. 111372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111372</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Tvrzová L., Schumann P., Spröer C., Sedláček I., Páčová Z., Šedo O., Zdráhal Z., Steffen M., Lang E. Pseudomonas moraviensis sp. nov. and Pseudomonas vranovensis sp. nov., soil bacteria isolated on nitroaromatic compounds, and emended description of Pseudomonas asplenii // Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2006. V. 56. Р. 2657–2663.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Wang J., Li Y., Jaramillo-Torres A., Einen O., Jakobsen J.V., Krogdahl Å., Kortner T.M. Exploring gut microbiota in adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): associations with gut health and dietary prebiotics // Anim. Microbiome. 2023. V. 5. Art. 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42523-023-00269-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Wilczynski W., Radlinska M., Wysujack K., Czub M., Brzeziński T., Kowalczyk G., Bełdowski J., Nogueira P., Maszczyk P. Metagenomic analysis of the gastrointestinal microbiota of Gadusmorhua callarias L. originating from a chemical munition dump site // Toxics. 2022. V. 10. Art. 206. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10050206</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Xie M., Xie Y., Li Y., Zhou W., Zhang Z., Yang Y., Olsen R.E., Ringø E., Ran C., Zhou Z. Stabilized fermentation product of Cetobacterium somerae improves gut and liver health and antiviral immunity of zebrafish // Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2022. V. 120. Р. 56–66.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>You L., Ying C., Liu K., Zhang X., Lin D., Yin D., Zhang J., Xu P. Changes in the fecal microbiome of the Yangtze finless porpoise during a short-term therapeutic treatment // Open Life Sci. 2020. V. 15. Р. 296–310.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Yúfera M., Moyano F.J., Martínez-Rodríguez G. The digestive function in developing fish larvae and fry. From molecular gene expression to enzymatic activity // Emerging Issues in Fish Larvae Research. 2018. Р. 51–86.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Zakaria M.K., Kari Z.A., Van Doan H., Kabir M.A., Che Harun H., Mohamad Sukri S.A., Goh K.W., Wee W., Khoo M.I., Wei L.S. Fermented soybean meal (FSBM) in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) diets: effects on growth performance, fish gut microbiota analysis, blood haematology, and liver morphology // Life. 2022. V. 12. Art. 1851. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12111851</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
