<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Microbiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Microbiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Микробиология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0026-3656</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5464</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">698752</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7868/S3034546425060077</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EXPERIMENTAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Pleiotropic Effects of Knockout Mutations in the <italic>TPS1</italic> and <italic>TPS2</italic> Genes Encoding Trehalose Biosynthesis Enzymes of <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic></article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ПЛЕЙОТРОПНЫЕ ЭФФЕКТЫ НОКАУТ-МУТАЦИЙ В ГЕНАХ <italic>TPS1</italic> И <italic>TPS2</italic>, КОДИРУЮЩИХ ФЕРМЕНТЫ БИОСИНТЕЗА ТРЕГАЛОЗЫ У <italic>SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE</italic> <sup>1</sup></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulakovskaya</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кулаковская</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>e.kulakovskya@ibpm.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Torgov</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Торгов</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>email@example.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nifantiev</surname><given-names>N. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нифантьев</surname><given-names>Н. Э.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>email@example.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rekstina</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рекстина</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>email@example.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalebina</surname><given-names>T. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калебина</surname><given-names>Т. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>email@example.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">FRC “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФИЦ “Пущинский научный центр биологических исследований Российской академии наук”, Институт биохимии и физиологии микроорганизмов им. Г.К. Скрябина РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт органической химии им. Н.Д. Зелинского РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Molecular Biology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова, биологический факультет, кафедра молекулярной биологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>94</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 94, NO6 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 94, №6 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>573</fpage><lpage>581</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-16"><day>16</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-12-16"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://snv63.ru/0026-3656/article/view/698752">https://snv63.ru/0026-3656/article/view/698752</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The <italic>TPS1</italic> and <italic>TPS2</italic> genes encoding trehalose-6-phosphate synthase and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase play an important role in protecting yeast and fungal cells from temperature stress, dehydration and oxidants, since resistance to these stresses requires accumulation of trehalose. In this work, it was shown that <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic> strains with knockout mutations in the <italic>TPS1</italic> and <italic>TPS2</italic> genes have greater resistance to heavy metal ions and alkaline stress compared to the parental strain. These mutations do not lead to significant changes in the polyphosphate content in the cells, indicating the absence of a direct relationship between phosphorus homeostasis and the ability to accumulate trehalose. In the cells of Δtps2 the change in localization of cell wall protein Bgl2p was observed: this protein appeared to be intracellular. It is assumed that the resistance of knockout strains to heavy metal ions and alkali is associated with additional pleiotropic effects of these mutations.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Гены <italic>TPS1</italic> и <italic>TPS2</italic>, кодирующие трегалозо-6-фосфатсинтазу и трегалозо-6-фосфатфосфатазу, играют важную роль в защите клеток дрожжей и грибов от температурных стрессов, обезвоживания и окислителей, так как устойчивость к этим стрессам требует накопления трегалозы. В данной работе показано, что штаммы <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic> с нокаут-мутациями в генах <italic>TPS1</italic> и <italic>TPS2</italic> обладают большей устойчивостью к воздействию ионов тяжелых металлов и щелочному стрессу по сравнению с родительским штаммом. Эти мутации не приводят к существенным изменениям в содержании полифосфатов в клетках, что говорит об отсутствии прямой взаимосвязи между гомеостазом фосфора и способностью к накоплению трегалозы. У мутанта <italic>TPS2</italic> наблюдается изменение локализации белка клеточной стенки Bgl2p: белок обнаруживается внутри клетки. Предполагается, что устойчивость штаммов нокаутов к ионам тяжелых металлов и щелочи связана с дополнительными плейотропными эффектами указанных мутаций.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd><italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>TPS1</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>TPS2</italic></kwd><kwd>stress</kwd><kwd>heavy metals</kwd><kwd>alkali</kwd><kwd>inorganic polyphosphate</kwd><kwd>endo-β-1,3-glucanase Bgl2p</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd><italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>TPS1</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>TPS2</italic></kwd><kwd>стресс</kwd><kwd>тяжелые металлы</kwd><kwd>щелочь</kwd><kwd>неорганические полифосфаты</kwd><kwd>глюканоэпитрансгликозилаза Bgl2p</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The biochemical part of the work was carried out under the program of the State Assignment "Metabolic Processes in Microorganisms under Stressful Conditions" No. 0114-2016-0004. The development of a method for determining trehalose and the analysis of its content in yeast cells were supported by RSF grant No. 19-73-30017-P.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Биохимическая часть работы выполнена по программе Государственного задания “Метаболические процессы у микроорганизмов при стрессовых воздействиях” № 0114-2016-0004. Разработка метода определения трегалозы и анализ ее содержания в клетках дрожжей проведены при поддержке гранта РНФ № 19-73-30017-П.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Трилисенко Л.В., Валиахметов А.Я., Кулаковская Т.В. Физиологические особенности Saccharomyces cerevisiae при сверхэкспрессии полифосфатазы Pрх1 // Микробиология. 2023. Т. 92. С. 396–403.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Trilisenko L.V., Valiakhmetov A.Ya., Kulakovskaya T.V. Physiological characteristics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain overexpressing polyphosphatase Ppx1 // Microbiology (Moscow). 2023. V. 92. P. 545‒551.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Трилисенко Л.В., Ледова Л.А., Рязанова Л.П., Кулаковская Е.В., Томашевский А.А., Кулаковская Т.В. Полифосфаты, полифосфатазная активность и устойчивость к стрессам нокаут-мутантов генов Saccharomyces cerevisiae, кодирующих полифосфатазы Ppn1 и Ppn2 // Biologia et Biotechnologia. 2024. Т. 1. С. 2‒11.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Trilisenko L.V., Ledova L.A., Ryazanova L.P., Kulakovskaya E.V., Tomashevsky A.A., Kulakovskaya T.V. Polyphosphates, polyphosphatase activity and stress resistance of knockout mutants in the PPN1 and PPN2 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ppn1 and Ppn2 // Biologia et Biotechnologia. 2024. V. 1. Art. 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3845419/v1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Феофилова Е.П., Усов А.И., Мысякина И.С., Кочкина Г.А. Трегалоза: особенности химического строения, биологические функции и практическое значение // Микробиология. 2014. Т. 83. С. 271–283.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Feofilova E.P., Usov A.I., Mysyakina I.S., Kochkina G.A. Trehalose: chemical structure, biological functions and practical application // Microbiology (Moscow). 2014. V. 83. P. 184–194. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0026261714020064</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Andreeva N., Ledova L., Ryazanova L., Tomashevsky A., Kulakovskaya T., Eldarov M. Ppn2 endopolyphosphatase overexpressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: comparison with Ppn1, Ppx1, and Ddp1 polyphosphatases // Biochimie. 2019. V. 163. P. 101‒107.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Cervantes-Chavez J.A., Valdes-Santiago L., Bakkeren G., Hurtado-Santiago E., León-Ramírez C.G., Esquivel-Naranjo E.U., Landeros-Jaime F., Rodríguez-Aza Y., Herrera J.R. Trehalose is required for stress resistance and virulence of the Basidiomycota plant pathogen Ustilago maydis // Microbiology (Reading). 2016. V. 162. P. 1009–1022.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Chen A., Smith J.R., Tapia H., Gibney P.A. Characterizing phenotypic diversity of trehalose biosynthesis mutants in multiple wild strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae // G3 (Bethesda). 2022. V. 12. Art. 196.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Divate N.R., Chen G.H., Wang P.M., Ou B.R., Chung Y.C. Engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae for improvement in ethanol tolerance by accumulation of trehalose // Bioengineered. 2016. V. 7. P. 445–458. https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2016.1207019</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Estruch F. Stress-controlled transcription factors, stress-induced genes and stress tolerance in budding yeast // FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2000. V. 24. P. 469‒486.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Gomes A.M.V., Orlandi A.C.A.L., Parachin N.S. Deletion of the trehalose tps1 gene in Kluyveromyces lactis does not impair growth in glucose // FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2020. V. 367. Art. 072.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Goughenour K., Creech A., Xu J., He X., Hissong R., Giamberardino C., Tenor J., Toffaletti D., Perfect J., Olszewski M. Cryptococcus neoformans trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (tps1) promotes organ-specific virulence and fungal protection against multiple lines of host defenses // Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol. 2024. V. 14. Art. 1392015.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Guirao-Abad J.P., Pujante V., Sanchez-Fresneda R., Yague G., Arguelles J.C. Sensitivity of the Candida albicans trehalose-deficient mutants tps1Δ and tps2Δ to amphotericin B and micafungin // J. Med. Microbiol. 2019. V. 68. P. 1479–1488.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Jiang H., Liu G.L., Chi Z., Hu Z., Chi Z.M. Genetics of trehalose biosynthesis in desert-derived Aureobasidium melanogenum and role of trehalose in the adaptation of the yeast to extreme environments // Curr. Genet. 2018. V. 64. P. 479‒491.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Kalebina T.S., Laurinavichiute D.K., Packeiser A.N., Morenkov O.S., Ter-Avanesyan M.D., Kulaev I.S. Correct GPI-anchor synthesis is required for the incorporation of endoglucanase/glucanosyltransferase Bgl2p into the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall // FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2002. V. 210. P. 81‒85.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Kalebina T.S., Plotnikova T.A., Gorkovskii A.A., Selyakh I.O., Galzitskaya O.V., Bezsonov E.E., Gellissen G., Kulaev I.S. Amyloid-like properties of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall glucantransferase Bgl2p: prediction and experimental evidences // Prion. 2008. V. 2. P. 91‒96.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Kandror O., Bretschneider N., Kreydin E., Cavalieri D., Goldberg A.L. Yeast adapt to near-freezing temperatures by STRE/Msn2,4-dependent induction of trehalose synthesis and certain molecular chaperones // Mol. Cell. 2004. V. 13. P. 771–781.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Kawahata M., Masaki K., Fujii T., Iefuji H. Yeast genes involved in response to lactic acid and acetic acid: acidic conditions caused by the organic acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultures induce expression of intracellular metal metabolism genes regulated byAft1p // FEMS Yeast Res. 2006. V. 6. P. 924–936.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Kim B., Lee Y., Choi H., Huh W.K. The trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase Tps2 regulates ATG8 transcription and autophagy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae // Autophagy. 2021. V. 17. P. 1013–1027.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Kulakovskaya T. Inorganic polyphosphates and heavy metal resistance in microorganisms // World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2018. V. 34. Art. 139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-018-2523-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Kwon H.B., Yeo E.T., Hahn S.E., Bae S.C., Kim D.Y., Byun M.O. Cloning and characterization of genes encoding trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS1) and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPS2) from Zygosaccharomyces rouxii // FEMS Yeast Res. 2003. V. 3. P. 433‒440.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Mahmud S.A., Nagahisa K., Hirasawa T., Yoshikawa K., Ashitani K., Shimizu H. Effect of trehalose accumulation on response to saline stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae // Yeast. 2009. V. 26. P. 17‒30.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Mahmud S.A., Hirasawa T., Shimizu H. Differential importance of trehalose accumulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in response to various environmental stresses // J. Biosci. Bioeng. 2010. V. 109. P. 262‒266.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Martinez-Esparza M., Martinez-Vicente E., Gonzalez-Parraga P., Ros J.M., Garcia-Penarrubia P., Arguelles J.C. Role of trehalose-6P phosphatase (TPS2) in stress tolerance and resistance to macrophage killing in Candida albicans // Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 2009. V. 299. P. 453‒464.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>McMillan S.D., Oberlie N.R., Hardtke H.A., Montes M.M., Brown D.W., McQuade K.L. A secondary function of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase is required for resistance to oxidative and desiccation stress in Fusarium verticillioides // Fungal Biol. 2023. V. 127. P. 918‒926.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Motorin N.A., Makarov G.I., Rekstina V.V., Evtushenko E.G., Sabirzyanov F.A., Ziganshin R.H., Shaytan A.K., Kalebina T.S. Yeast glucan remodeling protein Bgl2p: amyloid properties and the mode of attachment in cell wall // Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024. V. 25. Art. 13703. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252413703</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Pereira M.D., Eleutherio E.C.A., Panek A.D. Acquisition of tolerance against oxidative damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae // BMC Microbiol. 2001. V. 1. Art. 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-1-11</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Rekstina V.V., Sabirzyanova T.A., Sabirzyanov F.A., Adzhubei A.A., Tkachev Y.V., Kudryashova I.B., Snalina N.E., Bykova A.A., Alessenko A.V., Ziganshin R.H., Kuznetsov S.A., Kalebina T.S. The post-translational modifications, localization, and mode of attachment of non-covalently bound glucanosyltransglycosylases of yeast cell wall as a key to understanding their functioning // Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020. V. 21. Art. 8304.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Schmidt M., Akasaka K., Messerly J.T., Boyer M.P. Role of Hog1, Tps1 and Sod1 in boric acid tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae // Microbiology (Reading). 2012. V. 158. P. 2667–2678.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Serra-Cardona A., Canadell D., Arino J. Coordinate responses to alkaline pH stress in budding yeast // Microb. Cell Graz Austria. 2015. V. 2. P. 182–196.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Stambuk B.U., De Araujo P.S., Panek A.D., Serrano R. Kinetics and energetics of trehalose transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae // Eur. J. Biochem. 1996. V. 237. P. 876‒881.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Tan H., Dong J., Wang G., Xu H., Zhang C., Xiao D. Enhanced freeze tolerance of baker’s yeast by overexpressed trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene (TPS1) and deleted trehalase genes in frozen dough // J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2014. V. 41. P. 1275–1285.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Vagabov V.M., Trilisenko L.V., Kulakovskaya T.V., Kulaev I.S. Effect of a carbon source on polyphosphate accumulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae // FEMS Yeast Res. 2008. V. 8. P. 877‒882.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Yoshikawa Y., Matsumoto K., Nagata K., Sato T. Extraction of trehalose from thermally-treated bakers’ yeast // Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 1994. V. 58. P. 1226‒1230.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Yuan B., Wang W.B., Wang Y.T., Zhao X.Q. Regulatory mechanisms underlying yeast chemical stress response and development of robust strains for bioproduction // Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2024. V. 86. Art. 103072.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Zaragoza O., Blazquez M.A., Gancedo C. Disruption of the Candida albicans TPS1 gene encoding trehalose-6-phosphate synthase impairs formation of hyphae and decreases infectivity // J. Bacteriol. 1998. V. 180. P. 3809–3815.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
